The Right to Internal Self-Determination in Peacebuilding Processes: A Reinterpretation of the Concept of Local Ownership from a Legal Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.n8.2Keywords:
The Right to Internal Self-Determination, Economic Self-Determination, Political Self-Determination, Local Ownership, Peacebuilding.Abstract
The right to internal self-determination offers a legal ‘checklist’ for the UN to provide both legitimacy and sustainability to peacebuilding processes. The right both clarifies the actors of post-conflict reconstruction and also concretises to what extent these actors should be incorporated into peacebuilding processes. Although the concept of local ownership has become an often-cited concept in peacebuilding literature, the legal ground of the concept (i.e. the right to internal self-determination) has been disregarded. This paper aims to reveal the legal aspect of the concept of local ownership and thus, attaches the right to internal self-determination with local ownership.References
ALSTON, Philip (ed.) (2001). Peoples’ Rights. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
AUTESSERRE, Séverine (2008). The Trouble with Congo: How Local Disputes Fuel Regional Conflict. [online]. Foreign Affairs, 3 May. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63401/séverine-autesserre/the-trouble-with-congo
AUTESSERRE, Séverine (2010). The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511761034
BELL, Christine (2008). On the Law of Peace: Peace Agreements and the Lex Pacificatoria. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199226832.001.0001
BELL, Christine (2013). Women and Peace Processes, Negotiations, and Agreements: Operational Opportunities and Challenges [online]. NOREF Policy Brief. http://www.peacebuilding.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/b6f94e1df2977a0f3e0e17dd1dd7dcc4.pdf.
BUCHANAN, Allen (2004). Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
CARAYANNIS, Tatiana (2009). The Challenge of Building Sustainable Peace in the DRC [online]. Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue Background Paper http://www.hdcentre.org/uploads/tx_news/69DRCpaper.pdf.
CASSESE, Antonio (1995). Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
CASTELLINO, Joshua (2000). International Law and Self-Determination: The Interplay of the Politics of Territorial Possession with Formulations of Post-colonial National Identity. London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
CHESTERMAN, Simon (2007). Ownership in Theory and in Practice: Transfer of Authority in UN Statebuilding Operations. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1 (1), 3-26.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/17502970601075873
CHETAIL, Vincent (2009). Introduction: Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Challenges and Ambiguities of a Concept in Search of Identity. In: CHETAIL, Vincent (ed.), Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Lexicon. Oxford, Oxford University Press 1-29.
CRAWFORD, James (2001). The Right of Self-Determination in International Law: Its Developments and Future. In: ALSTON, Philip (ed.), Peoples’ Rights. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 7-68.
DANSPECKGRUBER, Wolfgang (ed.) (2002). The Self-Determination of Peoples: Community, Nation, and State in an Interdependent World. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
DAOUDY, Marwa (2009). State-building. In: CHETAIL, Vincent (ed.), Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Lexicon. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 350-358.
Democratic Republic of Congo Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement (10 July 1999).
DONAIS, Timothy (2008). Understanding Local Ownership in Security Sector Reform. In: DONAIS, Timothy (ed.) Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform. Geneva, LIT Verlag, 3-18.
DONAIS, Timothy (2009). Inclusion or Exclusion? Local ownership and Security Sector Reform. Studies in Social Justice 3 (1) 117-131.
DONAIS, Timothy (2012). Peacebuilding and Local Ownership: Post-conflict Consensus Building. London, Routledge.
DONAIS, T, and MACHOLD, R. (2011). From Rhetoric to Practice: Operationalizing National Ownership in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding. [online] UN Workshop Report, Ontario. http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pdf/national_ownership_report.pdf.
ERIKSEN, Stein (2009). The Liberal Peace is neither: Peacebuilding, State Building and the Reproduction of Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. International Peacekeeping, 16 (5), 652-666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310903303289
FAN, Hua (2008). The Missing Link between Self-Determination and Democracy: The Case of East Timor. Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights 6 (1) 176.
FARMER, Alice (2006). Towards a Meaningful Rebirth of Economic Self-Determination: Human Rights Realization in Resource-Rich Countries. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 39 (2), 417-473.
FOX, G. (1995). Self-Determination in the Post-Cold War Era: A New Internal Focus? Michigan Journal of International Law, 16 (1), 733-781.
GERMANAKOU, Vasiliki (2007). Substantiating the Right to Democratic Governance: Internal Self-Determination as a Means of Empowerment. [online]. LSE working conference. http://www.lse.ac.uk/humanRights/archive/articlesAndTranscripts/Conference07_Germanakou.pdf.
GREEN, Leslie (1995). Internal Minorities and their Rights. In: BAKER, J. (ed.) Group Rights. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 257-272.
HANSEN, A. (2008). Local Ownership in Peace Operations. In: DONAIS, Timothy (ed.) Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform. London, LIT Verlag, 39-58.
HANSEN, A. and WIHARTA, S. (2007). The Transition to a Just Order - Establishing Local Ownership after Conflict: A Practitioners’ Guide [online]. Folke Bernadotte Academy Publications. http://www.jus.umu.se/digitalAssets/12/12609_transition_to_order.pdf.
HAZEN, J. M. (2007). Can Peacekeepers be Peacebuilders? International Peacekeeping, 14 (3), 323-338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13533310701422901
HELMUELLER, S. (2013). Bridging the Disconnect: Integrating Local Perspectives in Peace Processes. International Peacekeeping, 20 (2), 201-234.
HUGGINS, Chris (2010). Land, Power and Identity: Roots of Violent in Eastern DRC. [online]. International Alert Report. http://www.international-alert.org/sites/default/files/DRC_LandPowerIdentity_EN_2010.pdf.
International Crisis Group (1999). The Agreement on a Cease-Fire in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An Analysis of the Agreement and Prospects for Peace. [online]. ICG DRC Report 5/1999.
Ivan Kitok v Sweden UN Human Rights Committee, Comm No 197/1985 (1988).
Katangese Peoples' Congress v Zaire African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, Comm No 75/92 (1995).
KLABBERS, Jan (2006). The Right to be Taken Seriously: Self-Determination in International Law. Human Rights Quarterly 28 (1), 186-206.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2006.0007
KOSKENNIEMI, Martti (1994). National Self-Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43 (2), 241-269.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.2.241
KREUTER, Aaron C. (2010). Self-Determination, Sovereignty, and the Failure of States: Somaliland and the Case of Justified Secession. Minnesota Journal of International Law 19 (2), 363-397.
LUND, Michael (2003). What Kind of Peace is Being Built? Taking Stock of Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Charting Future Directions. [online]. International Development Research Centre Paper.
http://web.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/10527469720lund_final_mar_20.pdf.
MARTIN, A. and WILSON, P. (2008). Security Sector Evolution: Which Locals? Ownership of What? In: DONAIS, Timothy (ed.). Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform. London, LIT Verlag, 83-103.
MATEOS, Oscar (2011). Local Ownership and Liberal Peacebuilding: From Rhetoric to Practice? Sierra Leone as a Case Study. [online]. European Conference on African Studies. Academia.
McCORQUODALE, Robert (1994). Self-Determination: A Human Rights Approach. International and Comparative Law Quarterly 43 (4), 857-885.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/43.4.857
MHANGO, M.O. (2007). Recognizing a Right to Autonomy for Ethnic Groups under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights: Katangese Peoples’ Congress v Zaire. [online]. Human Rights Brief.
https://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/14/2mhango.pdf.
Mikmaq Tribal Society v Canada UN Human Rights Committee, Comm No 78/1980 (1984).
NATHAN, Laurie (2007). No Ownership, No Commitment: A Guide to Local Ownership of Security Sector Reform. [online]. University of Birmingham publication. http://epapers.bham.ac.uk/1530/1/Nathan_-2007-_No_Ownership.pdf.
NATHAN, Laurie (2008). The Challenge of Local Ownership of SSR: From Donor Rhetoric to Practice. In: DONAIS, Timothy (ed.), Local Ownership and Security Sector Reform. London, LIT Verlag, 19-36.
NDULO, Muna and LULO Sara (2010). Free and Fair Elections, Violence and Conflict. Harvard International Law Journal 51 (1), 155-171.
RAIC, David (2002). Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination. London, Kluwer Law International.
Reference re Secession of Quebec, [1998] 2 SCR 217.
REICH, Hannah (2006). Local Ownership in Conflict Transformation Projects: Partnership, Participation or Patronage? [online]. Berghof Occasional Paper No 27. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CDDB393F195EC54EC125727A005937C3-Berghof-peace%20building-Sep2006.pdf.
RENO, W (2008). Bottom-up Statebuilding. In: CALL Charles T. and WYETH Vanessa (eds), Building States to Build Peace. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 143-162.
ROETHKE, Peter (2011). The Right to Secede under International Law: The Case of Somaliland. Journal of International Service 20 (2), 35-47.
ROSAS, Allan (1993). Internal Self-Determination. In TOMUSCHAT, Christian (ed), Modern Law of Self-Determination. London, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 225-252.
RUBIN, B.R. (2008). The Politics of Security in Postconflict State Building. In: CALL Charles T. and WYETH Vanessa (eds), Building States to Build Peace. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 25-48.
SAUL, Matthew (2011a). Local Ownership of Post-Conflict Reconstruction in International Law: The Initiation of International Involvement. Journal of Conflict and Security Law 16 (1), 165-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krq023
SAUL, Matthew (2011b). The Normative Status of Self-Determination in International Law: A Formula for Uncertainty in the Scope and Content of the Right? Human Rights Law Review 11 (4), 609-644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngr025
SENDING, Ole Jacob (2009). Why Peacebuilders Fail to Secure Ownership and be Sensitive to Context. [online]. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Working Paper 755. http://mercury.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/103581/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/07cfd48a-587e-4815-981e-a694467595ec/en/SIP-1-WP-755-Sending.pdf.
SENDING, Ole Jacob (2010). Learning to Build a Sustainable Peace: Ownership and Everyday Peacebuilding. [online]. Chr. Michelsen Institute Report. http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3732-learning-to-build-a-sustainable-peace.pdf.
SISK, Timothy and RISLEY, Paul (2005). Democracy and Peacebuilding at the Local Level: Lessons Learned. [online]. Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Report. http://www.idea.int/conflict/upload/DLL_Lessons_Learned.pdf.
Social and Economic Rights Action Centre (SERAC) and another v Nigeria African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Comm No 155/96 (2001).
STROMSETH, Jane, WIPPMAN, David and BROOKS, Rosa (2006). Can Might Make Rights? : Building the Rule of Law after Military Interventions. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511803086
SUMMERS, James (2013). The Internal and External Aspects of Self-Determination Reconsidered. In: FRENCH, Duncan (ed). Statehood and Self-Determination: Reconciling Tradition and Modernity in International Law. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 229-249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139248952.014
THIO, Li-ann (2002). Battling Balkanization: Regional Approaches toward Minority Protection beyond Europe. Harvard International Law Journal 43 (2), 409-468.
THURER, Daniel and BURRI, Thomas (2010). Self-Determination. [online]. Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law.
http://ilmc.univie.ac.at/uploads/media/self-determination_empil.pdf.
TSCHIRGI, Necla (2004). Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Revisited: Achievements, Limitations, Challenges. [online]. International Peace Academy Peacebuilding Forum Conference Paper. http://www.un.org/esa/peacebuilding/Library/Post_Conflict_Peacebuilding_IPA.pdf.
UN DPKO ‘United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Principles and Guidelines’ (18 January 2008).
UN Fifteenth Report of the Secretary General on the MONUC, UN Doc S/2004/251 (25 March 2004).
UN Fourteenth Report of the Secretary General on the MONUC, UN Doc S/2003/1098 (17 November 2003).
UN GA ‘Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples’ UN Doc A/RES/1514(XV) (14 December 1960).
UN GA ‘Report of the Special Committee on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation Among States’ UN Doc A/8018 (24 October 1970).
UN GA Res 55/56, UN Doc A/RES/55/56 (29 January 2001).
UN GA ‘Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action’ UN Doc A/CONF.157/23 (20 December 1993).
UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment 25, UN Doc CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7 (12 July 1996).
UN Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations UN Doc A/55/305–S/2000/809 (21 August 2000).
UN Report of the Secretary General, ‘An Agenda for Peace Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping’ UN Doc A/47/277-S/24111 (17 June 1992).
UN Report of the Secretary General, ‘No Exit without Strategy: Security Council Decision-Making and the Closure or Transition of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations’ UN Doc S/2001/394 (20 April 2001).
UN Report of the Secretary General, ‘Securing States and Societies: Strengthening the United Nations Comprehensive Support to Security Sector Reform’ UN Doc A/67/970-S/2013/480 (13 August 2013).
UN Report of Secretary General, ‘The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies’ UN Doc S/2011/634 (12 October 2011).
UN SC Res 169, UN Doc S/RES/169 (24 November 1961).
UN SC Res 794, UN Doc S/RES/794 (3 December 1992).
UN SC Res 1456, UN Doc S/RES/1456 (20 January 2003).
van den DRIEST, Simone (2010). Pro-Democratic Intervention and the Right to Political Self-Determination: The Case of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Netherlands International Law Review 57 (1), 29-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0165070X10100023
von BILLERBECK, Sarah B.K. (2011). Whose Peace? Local Ownership and UN Peacebuilding. [online]. Special Issue of the Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. http://oneearthfuture.org/sites/oneearthfuture.org/files/images/content/news/norwegianmissionprogram.pdf.
WHITE, Nigel (2009). Peace Operations. In: CHETAIL, Vincent (ed). Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: A Lexicon. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 213-227.
WOLFF, Jonas (2014). The Question of Self-Determination in International Democracy Promotion. [online]. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt Working Paper No:19 https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/184718/PRIF_WP_19.pdf .
WONG, Pearly (2013). Local Ownership in Peacebuilding: A Premature Rhetoric? United Nations University Peace and Progress 1 (1), 47-57.
