Collective emotions refer to a macro-level emotional phenomenon. They are not simply the sum of individual emotions, but rather the shared emotional experiences that emerge from the interactions of multiple individuals facing the same situation (e. g., emotional contagion, emotional resonance, and polarization) (Goldenberg et al., 2020; Von Scheve & Ismer, 2013). Unlike individual emotions, group emotions not only spread through direct emotional expression and imitation (Barsade, 2002) but are also reinforced by social identification and shared values among group members (Von Scheve & Ismer, 2013). Previous research has shown that group emotions play a key role in teamwork (Barsade, 2002), organizational performance (Barsade & Knight, 2015), and social movements (Van Zomeren et al., 2004). They can enhance cohesion among members, promote cooperation, and enhance the overall sense of efficacy of the group.

In digital CSR co-creation scenarios, users use online platforms to record, showcase, and share their charitable activities, pursuing social or environmental goals with others (Núñez-Barriopedro et al., 2023b). This process not only provides individuals with positive emotional feedback (such as satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment), but more importantly, it fosters a shared collective sentiment through interaction and co-creation. Specifically, witnessing the charitable actions of others creates an emotional resonance, which is further amplified through likes, comments, and reposts (Penelas-Leguía et al., 2023). Witnessing the achievement of a goal together strengthens users' collective pride and sense of belonging. As positive group sentiment accumulates, the platform's charitable atmosphere is continuously strengthened, creating a virtuous cycle.

Therefore, this paper proposes the following hypothesis:

The Broaden-and-Build Theory in positive psychology suggests that positive emotions not only bring immediate pleasure but also expand an individual's scope of thought and behavior, gradually building psychological resources and social relationships (Fredrickson, 2001). In group settings, the emotions experienced by individuals spread and intensify through emotional contagion and resonance, ultimately forming shared emotions at the group level (Barsade, 2002). This shared positive collective emotions not only strengthen users' emotional connections during interactions but also, at a deeper level, reinforces their identification with social values and the meaning of life. In the context of digital CSR co-creation, the impact of collective emotions on customer happiness is particularly pronounced. On the one hand, collective emotions can directly enhance users' hedonic happiness through the emotional pleasure, satisfaction, and relief brought about by collective participation. When users work together to achieve public welfare goals, interactive behaviors such as likes, comments, and shares strengthen emotional resonance, allowing users to gain greater satisfaction from the immediate pleasure (Penelas-Leguía et al., 2023). On the other hand, collective emotions may also enhance users' eudaimonic happiness through goal congruence and social identity. When users perceive alignment with group members in values and social goals, they more strongly identify with the significance of public welfare activities, thereby experiencing a sense of self-growth, fulfillment, and social contribution (Ravina-Ripoll et al, 2023).

Therefore, this paper proposes the following hypothesis:

Social capital can be understood as generated by relationship networks, reciprocity, trust, and social norms (Coleman, 1988; Putnam, 2000). It can bring informational, emotional, and cooperative benefits to individuals and groups. In traditional settings, social capital is typically accumulated gradually through long-term interactions, mutual support, and shared norms. In the context of digitalization and the platform economy, however, online interaction and user participation have become important new channels for the generation of social capital.

Digital CSR co-creation, through community communication, collaborative tasks, and interactive feedback mechanisms, provides important conditions for building trust and reciprocity among users. On the one hand, users' joint actions on the platform around social or environmental goals not only allow individuals to experience value recognition and a sense of accomplishment in practice (Wang et al., 2022) but also strengthen trust and emotional connections among groups. By achieving common goals, users enhance group cohesion and relationship commitment. On the other hand, the interactive mechanisms of digital platforms (such as likes, comments, sharing, and task collaboration) provide users with channels for emotional expression and information exchange (Wang et al., 2022). Social media research also shows that interactive brand content can significantly enhance user engagement and relationship building (Castillo-Abdul et al., 2021), creating conditions for the formation of trust and network relationships. These interactions can amplify emotional resonance (Lu et al., 2024) and promote the flow of useful information and social resources. As the frequency and depth of interactions increase, users gradually accumulate trust and network resources—social capital—that can be leveraged in future collaborations. Over time, this network of relationships based on interaction and co-creation not only enhances users' willingness to cooperate but also fosters an atmosphere of mutual assistance, support, and belonging within the platform. Therefore, digital CSR co-creation is not only a new model for practicing corporate social responsibility but also an important mechanism for promoting and strengthening social capital among users.

Therefore, this paper proposes the following hypothesis:

In the context of digital CSR co-creation, platforms provide a variety of interactive mechanisms, enabling consumers to gradually build trust and collaborative bonds through communication and collaboration, thereby promoting the generation and accumulation of social capital (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998; Putnam, 2000). The emotional support and trust mechanisms inherent in social capital not only provide immediate positive experiences but also help individuals achieve deeper self-worth and happiness over the long term (Helliwell & Putnam, 2004). On the one hand, social capital provides users with enjoyable social experiences through interpersonal interaction and emotional support. On CSR platforms, users can receive immediate positive feedback by participating in public welfare challenges, sharing low-carbon lifestyles, and giving likes to others. They can also experience acceptance and recognition from the community through their interactions. This positive social experience provides users with psychological satisfaction and relaxation (Ellison et al., 2007), enhancing their emotional pleasure and well-being, thereby enhancing their hedonic happiness. On the other hand, social capital, through the long-term accumulation of mutually beneficial networks, provides users with a continuous channel for value realization. As users continuously build trust and mutual support through digital CSR co-creation, they gradually perceive their actions as not only personally meaningful but also contributing to the achievement of social and environmental goals. Through this positive connection between personal behavior and social value, users experience eudaimonic happiness through participation (Ravina-Ripoll et al, 2023).

Therefore, this paper proposes the following hypothesis:

Perceived behavioral control (PBC) is a core construct in the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991). It refers to an individual's subjective perception of their ability and control over their ability to perform a particular behavior, taking into account internal capabilities and external conditions. PBC not only directly influences an individual's behavioral intention but may also play an independent role in actual behavior (Ajzen, 2002).

In the context of digital CSR co-creation, platforms provide convenient participation methods and instant feedback mechanisms, allowing users to contribute with low barriers to entry (Cuesta-Valiño et al, 2024a). Specifically, they can participate in public welfare through virtual tree planting (Zhang et al., 2021), online step donation (Li et al., 2025b), and click-to-support (Wang, 2023). These digital forms of interaction are often directly linked to real social or environmental outcomes. For example, platforms transform users' virtual actions into actual corporate public welfare contributions, thereby strengthening users' perception that their individual actions can lead to real, positive change. This enhanced sense of empowerment and control is a key manifestation of perceived control in digital CSR co-creation. Furthermore, digital CSR's interactive mechanisms (such as visual displays of task progress and collective goal achievement) not only enhance users' immediate feedback experience (Von Ahn & Dabbish, 2008) but also enhance their perception of control over their actions through increased transparency and traceability. Similarly, digital marketing research shows that users' perceptions of the usefulness of online mechanisms and their awareness of privacy significantly influence their attitudes and behavioral responses (Núñez-Barriopedro et al., 2023a), further highlighting the crucial role of cognitive assessment in technological contexts. As users continue to participate and witness the positive connections between their actions and external outcomes, their perceived control over their actions will further strengthen, fostering a stronger motivation for continued participation.

Therefore, this paper proposes the following hypothesis:

Increasing PBC enhances happiness through two pathways. First, at the level of hedonic happiness, users experience immediate satisfaction, ease, and pleasure when completing tasks and achieving goals. This satisfaction stems from the belief that "I can do it" and the reinforcing effect of immediate feedback, enabling individuals to experience positive emotions during interactions. Second, at the level of eudaimonic happiness, higher PBC makes it easier for users to establish a direct causal connection between their actions and social/environmental goals. When users are convinced that their actions truly contribute to public welfare outcomes, they experience a stronger sense of self-efficacy, personal growth, and social contribution. This deep experience of meaning not only strengthens individuals' identification with the value of life but also further promotes long-term happiness and motivation for continued engagement (Ajzen, 2002; Caprara & Steca, 2005).

Therefore, this paper proposes the following hypothesis:

Firstly, there is a reliability test. In PLS-SEM, it is necessary to conduct evaluation tests on reflective variables. In the structural model of this article, all latent variables are reflective variables. The reliability test results are shown in Table 2. This article conducted a calculation and verification of factor loadings, and all factor loadings were higher than the recommended value of 0.7. This article tested the Cronbach's alpha and Composite Reliability (CR) of each latent variable (Henseler et al., 2009). The Cronbach's alpha of all latent variables is greater than 0.70, and the Composite Reliability (CR) exceeds the recommended value of 0.80, indicating good internal consistency and measurement stability of each latent variable.

In terms of convergent validity, it is tested from the perspectives of "external load" and average variance extraction (AVE). The factor loadings of each latent variable meet the requirements. Meanwhile, Table 2 shows that the AVE value meets the criterion of being greater than 0.5 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981), indicating that the latent variable has good convergent validity.

In terms of discriminant validity, as shown in Table 3, the square root (diagonal position) of the AVE of each latent variable is higher than its correlation coefficient with other latent variables, which meets the discriminant validity requirements of the Fornell Larcker criterion (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).

The requirement for evaluating discriminant validity using HTMT values is that the HTMT value should not exceed 0.9 (Henseler et al., 2015). According to Table 4, discriminant validity was assessed using HTMT. All HTMT values were below the recommended threshold of 0.90, indicating that the constructs are empirically distinct and that discriminant validity is established.

Prior to testing the structural relationships, collinearity was assessed. All inner VIF values were below the recommended threshold of 3.3, indicating that multicollinearity is not a concern in the model.

This study used Bootstrap sampling method (repeated sampling 5000 times) to test the significance of the model path coefficients. The results in Table 5 indicate that most of the research hypotheses have been supported. Specifically, digital CSR co-creation (CSR) has a significant positive impact on collective emotions (CE), perceived behavior control (PBC), and social capital (SC) (β=0.755, p<0.001; β=0.646, p<0.001; β=0.21, p<0.001). Collective emotions (CE) have significant positive effects on eudaimonic happiness (EH) and hedonic happiness (HH), respectively (β=0.436, p<0.001; β=0.368, p<0.001). Perceived behavioral control (PBC) also significantly positively affects eudaimonic happiness (EH) and hedonic happiness (HH) (β=0.353, p<0.001; β=0.208, p<0.001). However, the effects of social capital (SC) on eudaimonic happiness (β=0.014, p=0.667) and hedonic happiness (β=-0.066, p=0.103) did not reach statistical significance, indicating that these two pathway hypotheses are not supported. Social capital did not significantly enhance happiness in digital CSR co-creation contexts, possibly because the social capital formed in platform settings is mostly weak ties and instrumental connections, lacking deep emotional support. In contrast, collective emotions and perceived behavioral control, as more direct psychological mechanisms, are more easily translated into subjective well-being. Therefore, in digital co-creation environments, emotions and a sense of participation play a more crucial role than the relational structure itself.

This study evaluated the predictive ability of the model using the PLSpredict program. As shown in Table 6, the R² and Q² prediction values for all latent variables are greater than zero, indicating that the model has good explanatory and predictive power. Specifically, the Q² values for collective emotions (CE), eudaimonic happiness (EH), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are 0.563, 0.427, and 0.407, suggesting moderate to strong predictive relevance. The Q² value for hedonic happiness (HH) is 0.326, indicating acceptable predictive ability. In contrast, the Q² value for social capital (SC) is relatively low (0.04), suggesting limited predictive relevance. The overall results indicate that the model demonstrates satisfactory predictive power for the main constructs.

Firstly, this study introduces the concept of digital CSR co-creation, in response to the trend of CSR transformation from one-way responsibility of enterprises to co-creation between enterprises and users in the digital context (Lin & An, 2025; Morsing & Schultz, 2006; J. Zhang et al., 2024). This conceptual construction not only enriches the extension of CSR theory in the context of digital platforms, but also provides a feasible measurement framework for subsequent research. Furthermore, it can be embedded within an omnichannel integration perspective, whereby firms achieve collaborative interaction and value co-creation with users through multiple digital touchpoints (Alonso-Garcia et al., 2021).

Secondly, this study introduces three psychological and social mechanisms, namely collective emotions, social capital, and perceived behavioral control, as mediating variables to reveal how platform interactive behavior indirectly affects consumer happiness. Traditional CSR research often suggests that CSR perception directly drives consumer purchasing behavior or brand loyalty (Becker-Olsen et al., 2006; Bianchi et al., 2019; Lichtenstein et al., 2004). However, previous studies have shown that the impact of CSR on consumer behavior does not occur automatically, but depends on consumers' emotional identification, attribution judgments (Sen & Bhattacharya, 2001; Vlachos et al., 2009), and psychological mechanisms (Lee et al., 2021). One finding of this study is that, in the context of digital CSR co-creation, social capital does not significantly enhance eudaimonic or hedonic happiness. While digital CSR activities significantly increase social capital, the structural relational resources generated on digital platforms do not directly translate into subjective well-being. This result suggests that in a digital co-creation environment, relational connections may be relatively weak, instrumental, or platform-mediated, thus insufficient to generate immediate emotional pleasure or a deeper sense of meaning. In contrast, collective emotion and perceived behavioral control become important mediating mechanisms. These findings indicate that, in the context of digital CSR, emotional investment and perceived agency play a more central role than structural social resources in shaping consumer happiness. Therefore, this study extends the theory of value co-creation, demonstrating that psychological mechanisms (rather than merely relational assets) are the primary pathways through which digital CSR co-creation enhances consumer happiness.

Thirdly, this study introduces the dual path happiness model into CSR research, enriching the theoretical explanation of digital responsibility practices at the consumer psychological level. Drawing on the perspective of positive psychology, we have clearly distinguished the dual effects of CSR behavior on consumer happiness in two dimensions: emotional pleasure and meaning construction. The empirical results of this study indicate that both are positively influenced by the platform CSR co-creation mechanism, confirming the multidimensional characteristics of happiness (Huta & Ryan, 2010; Ravina-Ripoll et al., 2023). Incorporating dual pathway happiness into CSR research helps to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how corporate responsibility behavior enhances consumers' subjective well-being through psychological mechanisms, and provides a more explanatory theoretical dimension for measuring CSR effectiveness.

Firstly, enterprises should embed CSR co-creation strategy into the core mechanism of the platform and create a consumer-centered responsibility co-creation model. In the context of the platform economy, consumers are no longer just the audience of CSR, but important actors who participate in value co-construction through digital interaction (J. Zhang et al., 2024). Enterprises should establish a consumer-centered CSR system, from low threshold participation (such as donating steps and liking assistance) to deep co-creation (such as public welfare planning and community operation), fully activating consumers' sense of responsibility and emotional connection, so that they can participate in CSR actions synchronously in the consumption process. This role shift helps businesses enhance consumer trust (Iglesias et al., 2020) and loyalty (Ravina-Ripoll et al., 2021), achieving a transition from product relationships to value relationships.

Secondly, enterprises should design CSR systems with emotional incentives and behavioral feedback mechanisms to enhance consumers' participation experience and sense of control. This study suggests that positive group emotions and perceived behavioral control are important pathways driving consumer happiness. Enterprises should stimulate emotional resonance among consumers in public welfare scenarios through community interaction, task collaboration, ranking, and virtual gamification design (Jun et al., 2020). At the same time, by visualizing public welfare achievements and tracking their influence, we aim to enhance consumers' awareness of the effectiveness of their behavior and strengthen their self-efficacy of 'I can change'. This not only enhances consumers' psychological satisfaction, but also helps to form a continuous cycle of participation.

Thirdly, companies should promote CSR from instant interaction to long-term resonance, enabling consumers to achieve value co-creation through participation (Jaakkola & Alexander, 2014; Kull & Heath, 2016). Digital CSR should not only provide short-term pleasant user experience, but also stimulate consumers' deep recognition of brand social responsibility through the continuous transmission of value concepts. Enterprises can engage consumers in the sustainable development of the enterprise through real public welfare stories, user generated content dissemination, and sustainable project display (Reppmann et al., 2025), and gain a sense of moral happiness through continuous interaction, thereby enhancing brand loyalty and long-term stickiness. Transforming CSR from a single point of action into a part of consumers' daily lifestyle, truly achieving the synergy and unity of social influence and business growth. However, in the context of multi platform interaction and omnichannel integration, companies may also face operational complexity and performance constraints when implementing such CSR co-creation strategies (Cuesta-Valiño et al., 2024a). Therefore, companies need to strike a balance between increasing user engagement and managing system complexity to ensure the sustainable development of CSR co-creation initiatives.

Firstly, digital CSR co-creation broadens the channels for public participation in social responsibility, promoting the daily and socialization of responsibility awareness. In traditional contexts, public participation in CSR activities often relies on organizational mobilization or physical accessibility. Platform-based digital CSR leverages low barriers to integrate socially responsible behavior into consumers' daily lives (Cuesta-Valiño et al., 2026; Jiménez-Marín et al., 2021). This digital participation approach is closely related to the impact of digital capabilities on individual well-being and willingness to act (Tello, 2023), prompting philanthropic practices to shift from traditional centralized organizational forms to more everyday and platform-based models. Participatory activities can also enhance consumers' perceived interactivity (Lee et al., 2021), which echoes the emphasis on interactive integration and multi-layered experience structures in online customer experience research (Goyal and Deshwal, 2024). Digital CSR co-creation promotes public awareness and actual participation in social responsibility (Ruiz de Maya et al., 2016), stimulates individual responsibility awareness, and effectively creates a digital social and cultural atmosphere of normalized participation in public welfare. This process not only enhances the widespread dissemination of social responsibility, but also strengthens the public's attention and recognition of CSR, further expanding the social foundation and influence of CSR (Elías Zambrano et al., 2021; Jiménez-Marín et al., 2020).

Secondly, the emotional interaction and community connection mechanism in digital CSR can help rebuild emotional communities in the digital environment. The dissemination of collective emotions and the resonance of values between communities can stimulate a sense of belonging, identification, and empathy among users in highly digitalized and fragmented information environments (Martínez-Arvizu et al., 2022), with technological and experiential contexts further reinforcing such positive outcomes (Leal-Solís et al., 2025). Related research has shown a significant association between collective emotional capacity and subjective well-being (Ahumada-Tello et al., 2022), further illustrating the important role of group emotions in digital interaction. The collaborative creation of users can stimulate a sense of identity within the group, while also enhancing each user's expectations for the company's social responsibility (Korschun & Du, 2013). The CSR platform promotes emotional communication and mutual encouragement among users through mechanisms such as task collaboration, leaderboards (Robina-Ramírez et al., 2026), and public welfare message walls, alleviating common alienation and apathy in online participation. At the same time, the mutual trust network established among users based on common public welfare goals has invisibly strengthened the accumulation of social capital (Galván-Vela et al., 2024).

Thirdly, platform-based enterprises play the role of social value organizers in CSR co-creation, promoting enterprises from technology service providers to public responsibility entities. In the context of globalization and digitization, enterprises are gradually assuming social governance functions (Scherer & Palazzo, 2012; Salazar-Altamirano et al., 2026). In the era dominated by the platform economy, enterprises are no longer just providers of goods and services, but also providers of value co-creation platforms that allow for the creation of experiential value through interaction (Jurietti et al., 2017). Within the framework of today's globalized and highly interconnected markets, fostering Happiness Management represents a deeper dedication to building business models that are both sustainable and people-oriented (Martínez-Arvizu et al., 2025). Therefore, enterprises have gradually become important hubs connecting the public and social issues (Ravina-Ripoll et al., 2022). Through institutional design and technology-driven approaches, enterprises can embed CSR into platform structures and algorithmic logic, playing the role of responsibility leaders. This kind of responsible co-creation not only helps to enhance corporate social trust and brand warmth, but also strengthens brand value by enhancing consumer participation and trust mechanisms (Saikia & Bhattacharjee, 2024), and constitutes a new path for corporate participation in digital social governance (Hernández García de Velazco et al., 2020). However, interactions and information dissemination on digital platforms can also amplify collective emotions and intensify opinion polarization, thus posing a potential risk of social polarization (Penelas-Leguía et al., 2023). Therefore, while promoting public participation, it is also necessary to strengthen platform governance and guidance mechanisms to achieve a balance between social value creation and risk control.

Firstly, the research mainly focuses on digital CSR platform users. However, the platform's gamification mechanism and enterprise resource support may have a structural impact on user behavior. Future research can compare the mechanism differences and effects of different platforms. Secondly, this article uses cross-sectional data, which cannot fully reveal the dynamic causal relationships between variables. In the future, longitudinal tracking studies or experimental designs can be used to test the long-term impact and trajectory of digital CSR co-creation on happiness. Third, the model has not considered the moderating effect of individual user differences on the mediation mechanism. In the future, variables such as value co creation motivation, public welfare identity recognition, and platform trust can be introduced to further enrich the explanatory power of the model and explore the boundary conditions that affect the effectiveness of CSR co creation.