TERMINOLOGICAL UNITS IN THE MEDICAL SPANISH: AN OVERVIEW OF THE SPANISH-ENGLISH LEXICON IN THE FIELD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION

The study aims to test these hypotheses by analysing the selected terms, their usage in a corpus, and their inclusion in various lexicographical resources. Thus, it will clarify how specialised terminology is developed, used, and documented in Spanish and English.

2.2. Methodology

In order to carry out this study, a terminological extraction of the terms present in the Assisted Reproduction vocabulary created within the Neotermed project was carried out.

For this purpose, the idea was to review all terms that make up each of the thematic fields of the vocabulary, namely: Problemas de fertilidad, Biología celular, Signo/Síntoma, Técnicas de reproducción asistida, Anatomía, fisiología y embriología, Pruebas Diagnósticas, Enfermedad and Genética.

The first step, therefore, was to perform a manual revision of all the monolexical Terminological Units and see if they had polylexical or satellite terms. These satellite terms are formed by adding other structures such as adjectives, nouns, adverbs, among others, to the nucleus or monolexical TU.

Once all the satellite terms we collected from the vocabulary, the next step was to check their frequency of use in the corpus stored in Skecth Engine created for the project. This criterion was established in order to reduce the amount of polylexical terms we were going to work with. Since the number of polylexical terms that are in the vocabulary is very large, it was considered appropriate to limit the terms for this study and focus only on the ones that are more frequent in the corpus.

Table 1 contains two columns: one with the thematic field and one with the number of Terminological Units selected for the purpose of the study.

If we observe Table 1, we can clearly see a difference in the number of TU selected from each thematic field. We could explain the phenomenon at some point because, for instance, the Assisted Reproduction Techniques (Técnicas de reproducción asistida) are continuously developing as science advances whereas other thematic fields such as Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology (Anatomía, fisiología, embriología) and Genetics (Genética) were studied many years ago and experience less changes nowadays. Moreover, the texts that compose the corpus are about and related to Assisted Reproduction.

Table 2 lists all 100 terms that were selected from the vocabulary, alongside their corresponding thematic field and base units. The base units represent the core or root terms from which more specific terminological units are derived.

Once all the terms are selected and classified, the next step is to carry out a lexicographical documentation in specialised resources in the field of Medicine and Health Sciences. To do so, five specialised terminology resources were selected for each of the working languages: Spanish and English.

Table 3 contains the resources consulted to see if the Terminological Units appear in them or not. As it can be seen, three resources were consulted for the two working languages (The International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care (Zegers-Hochschild et al., 2017), Clasificación internacional de enfermedades (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019), and the SNOMED CT Browser (SNOMED International, 2024).

For the Spanish language the other two resources are two specialised dictionaries in the field of medicine, namely the Diccionario de Términos Médicos (Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, 2012) and the Diccionario Panhispánico de Términos Médicos (Real Academia Nacional de Medicina, 2023). For the English language, The United Nations Terminology Database (UNTERM, 2024) and the Diccionario de dudas y dificultades de traducción del inglés médico written by Navarro (2024) were consulted.

The last step was to classify the satellite polylexical terms paying attention to the components added to the monolexical nucleus as well as to the number of components that form the satellite term.

3. ANALYSIS

In this section, we present the analysis. It is meticulously organised into different parts: one for the corpus frequency, lexicographical, another for the documentation of both Spanish and English terms, and finally, another for comparative analysis of English and Spanish terminology. The analysis aims to uncover patterns in term usage and representation across different lexicographical resources and languages.

3.1. FREQUENCY IN CORPUS

The initial step in our analysis is to evaluate the frequency of the Spanish terms within the specialised Neotermed corpus. Figure 1 vividly illustrates the distribution of term frequency across a diverse range of thematic fields, such as genetics, anatomy, and fertility issues.

FIGURE 1: Frequency of terms by thematic field in Neotermed corpus

If we observe Figure 1, terms related to Anatomía, fisiología y embriología are the most frequent in the corpus, with a total of 9,762 occurrences. Conversely, Pruebas diagnósticas and Signo/Síntoma are the thematic fields with the lowest representativity, recording 255 and 223 occurrences in total, respectively. Moving to the frequency of terms in the corpus, we have Table 4. This table contains three columns: one with the thematic field, the one in the middle with the terms more or less frequent in that thematic field and the third one with the number of occurrences in the corpus.

According to this table, the term embrión is the most representative in this field, with 4,644 occurrences, while ‘embarazo gemelar’ is the least frequent, with 17 occurrences. Within the field of Técnicas de reproducción asistida (TRA), ‘estimulación ovárica’ is the most frequent term, with 625 occurrences, while ‘ciclo de IIU’ is the least frequent, with only one occurrence. The specialised literature often focuses on broader or more widely applicable processes, which contrasts with the specific nature of the term ‘ciclo de IIU’ (ciclo de inseminación intrauterina). This is one reason for its low frequency in the corpus. For example, techniques like ‘inyección intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides’ (ICSI) or ‘inseminación artificial de donante’ (IAD) are more frequently discussed and, therefore, appear more often in the corpus, with 54 and 38 occurrences, respectively. This suggests that these more advanced or complex procedures are of greater interest in the context covered by the corpus. Additionally, regional or institutional variations in terminology could play a role; different sources might use alternative terms or focus on different aspects of reproductive techniques, which could lead to the underrepresentation of specific terms like ‘ciclo de IIU’.

In Genética, the term ‘ADN’ stands out with 1,073 occurrences, while ‘dominancia completa’ is registered only once. In Problemas de fertilidad, ‘fallo ovárico precoz’ is the most common term, with 160 occurrences, and aborto inducido is the least frequent, with only one occurrence.

In Biología celular, ‘célula germinal’ appears 185 times, being the most frequent term, while ‘célula somática’ is mentioned only 3 times. The significant difference in the frequency of terms within the field of Biología celular in the corpus, where ‘célula germinal’ appears 185 times compared to just 3 mentions of ‘célula somática’, likely reflects the corpus's focus on reproductive biology. ‘Células germinales’ are directly involved in reproduction, making them highly relevant to studies of fertility and embryogenesis, which explains their frequent mention. In contrast, ‘células somáticas’, which are not directly involved in reproduction, are less central to the specialised focus of this corpus, resulting in their much lower occurrence. In Enfermedad, ‘síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica’ is the dominant term with 107 occurrences, while útero retroverso is the least frequent with a single mention.

In Pruebas diagnósticas, ‘biopsia testicular’ stands out with 72 occurrences, while terms like ‘seminograma REM’ have very low frequency (1 occurrence). In Signo/Síntoma, ‘parto prematuro’ is the most frequent term with 115 occurrences, contrasting with ‘muerte neonatal temprana’, which appears only once.

Overall, the distribution of topics in the corpus primarily focuses on the biological and clinical aspects of reproduction, particularly in areas like embryology, assisted reproductive techniques, and genetics. This fact suggests a strong emphasis on the foundational and treatment-related aspects of reproductive health.

3.2. LEXICOGRAPHICAL DOCUMENTATION

This section evaluates the representation of both Spanish and English medical terms across the specialised lexicographical resources mentioned in the methodology section. The analysis examines the presence of these terms and assesses how additional satellite elements, such as adjectives and nouns, influence their documentation.

3.2.1. Spanish terms

The analysis of Spanish terms across different lexicographical resources reveals significant patterns in term documentation, particularly when comparing basic terms with their more specialised counterparts. Figure 2 offers the lexicographical documentation coverage for Spanish terms:

FIGURE 2: Lexicographical documentation coverage for Spanish terms

The documentation coverage of Spanish terms across different lexicographical resources varies significantly. The DTM includes approximately 37.25% of the analysed terms, providing a substantial but not comprehensive representation of the terminology. The DPTM offers slightly broader coverage, encompassing about 47.06% of the terms. Among the resources, SNOMED CT stands out with the highest coverage, documenting 50% of the terms, reflecting its extensive scope in medical terminology. In contrast, the CIE-11 covers 28.43% of the terms, indicating more selective inclusion. The IGFC has the most limited coverage, documenting only 15.69% of the terms, which suggests focusing on a narrower set of highly specialised concepts.

The analysis of Spanish terms across various lexicographical resources reveals a consistent trend: basic and widely recognized terms are far more likely to be documented across multiple resources than their more specialised counterparts. A prime example of this is the term ‘embrión’, which appears frequently in the corpus and is well-represented in all the consulted lexicographical resources. In contrast, ‘embrión euploide’, a more specific term, has a much lower frequency in the corpus and is notably absent from any of the lexicographical resources.

A similar pattern is observed with the term ‘ADN’. This term is well-documented in almost all resources, with the only exception being the IGFC. However, when looking at the more specialised variant, ‘ADN circulante’, we find that it is not documented in any of the resources.

This trend continues with terms related to foetal and neonatal death. For instance, ‘muerte fetal’ is comprehensively documented across all resources, reflecting its significance in medical discussions. On the other hand, ‘muerte neonatal’, while still documented in some resources like SNOMED CT, CIE-11, and IGFC, is absent from others, such as DTM and DPTM. The term ‘muerte neonatal temprana’, which is even more specific, shows an even more limited presence, documented only in SNOMED CT and CIE-11. This analysis underscores the disparity in documentation between basic terms and their more specialised forms across different lexicographical resources.

The comparison between the terms ‘transferencia de embriones’ and ‘transferencia de blastocistos’ further illustrates the pattern of core versus specialised terminology in lexicographical documentation. ‘Transferencia de embriones’, which refers to the transfer of embryos during assisted reproductive procedures, is a term that appears with relative frequency in the corpus. Its prevalence is reflected in its comprehensive representation across several essential lexicographical resources, including the DTM, the DPTM, and the IGFC. This widespread documentation highlights the term's importance and frequent use in clinical practice and medical literature. In contrast, ‘transferencia de blastocistos’, a term that refers explicitly to the transfer of blastocysts rather than earlier-stage embryos, is not documented in any of the consulted lexicographical resources despite its relevance in specific specialised contexts. The absence of ‘transferencia de blastocistos’ from these resources, coupled with its lower frequency in the corpus, underscores a broader trend: specialised terms, especially those involving more complex processes or additional satellite elements, are less likely to be uniformly documented across lexicographical resources.

This pattern is consistent with the documentation of other core medical terms, such as ‘embrión’ and ‘útero’. These terms are fundamental to the field of reproductive medicine and, as such, are consistently and thoroughly documented across most lexicographical resources. Their frequent appearance in the corpus and comprehensive coverage in resources like DTM, DPTM, and SNOMED CT reflect their centrality to the discourse in reproductive health.

On the other hand, more specialised terms, or those with additional satellite elements, tend to be less frequently documented. Terms like ‘útero didelfo’ (a congenital uterine anomaly) or ‘embarazo gemelar’ (twin pregnancy) are less commonly mentioned in the corpus and are also underrepresented in lexicographical resources. This discrepancy highlights a significant challenge in the field: the more specialised or complex a term becomes, the less likely it is to be consistently included across all resources.

In addition to this analysis, we have compared the frequency of some of the terms in the corpus and their coverage in lexicographical resources. Therefore, Figure 3, provides this comparison:

FIGURE 3: Term frequency and lexicographical coverage

The X-axis (frequency in the corpus) represents how often each term appears in the corpus; the Y-axis (terms) lists the terms being analysed, and the colour legend (lexicographical coverage) indicates the level of coverage each term has across lexicographical resources, with darker colours representing higher coverage.

This bar chart illustrates the relationship between the frequency of specific medical terms in the corpus and their coverage across lexicographical resources. Terms with high frequency, such as ‘embrión’ and ‘ADN’, are generally well-documented, indicated by the longer bars and darker colours. Conversely, less frequent terms like ‘seminograma REM’ and ‘dominancia completa’ show minimal documentation, reflected by shorter bars and lighter colours. The chart highlights a pattern where commonly used terms are more likely to be thoroughly covered in lexicographical resources, while specialised or less frequent terms often have limited representation.

Table 5 provides a detailed comparison of nucleus terms and their satellite variants from Figure 3. Notably, the majority of the satellites are adjectives, such as ‘euploide’ for ‘embrión’ and ‘circulante’ for ‘ADN’, which serve to describe or qualify the nucleus term directly.

In addition to adjectives, the table includes noun phrases and an acronym that enhance the base terms by indicating specific subtypes within a broader category. For instance, ‘seminograma REM’, where ‘REM’ stands for ‘recuento de espermatozoides móviles’, is a specific form of semen analysis that provides additional details beyond the seminogram.

The terms in Figure 4 were selected randomly from the list of syntagmatic terms to complement Figure 3 and to explore whether there is a correlation between their frequency in the corpus and their coverage rate in lexicographical resources. The results show that while some terms like ‘célula del cúmulo’ and ‘parto prematuro’ have high frequencies in the corpus and high lexicographical coverage, this pattern is inconsistent across all terms. For example, ‘diagnóstico prenatal no invasivo’ infrequently appears in the corpus and has correspondingly low lexicographical coverage, whereas terms like ‘amenorrea secundaria’, despite having relatively lower frequencies, still maintain moderate lexicographical coverage.

FIGURE 4: Frequency vs. lexicographical coverage of selected terms

These findings demonstrate a clear correlation between a term's level of specialisation and its likelihood of being uniformly documented. Core terms, due to their broad application in medical practice, are more likely to be included across multiple resources. In contrast, core terms with satellites, which often require a deeper understanding of specific contexts, are less uniformly represented, leading to potential challenges in both health communication and the broader dissemination of specialised medical knowledge.

3.2.2. English terms

For English terms, as we have presented in the methodology section, the English lexicographical resources differ from the Spanish ones since some of them do not allow any search in English. Figure 5 presents the percentages of the English terms that have been found in the online resources as follows:

FIGURE 5: Lexicographical documentation coverage for English terms

As observed in Figure 3, SNOMED CT provides the most extensive coverage, with 50% of the terms analysed. The LR documents for 34% coverage, while CIE-11 includes 26% of the terms. IGFC also contributes by covering 21% of the terms. Although UNTERM offers the least coverage, it still includes 17% of the terms. This distribution highlights the varying extent to which these resources address the terms analysed.

Moreover, some resources not specialised in medical terms offer the least coverage, such as UNTERM. Others, such as SNOMED CT or LR, associated with medical language queries, are practical for these searches. In contrast, IGFC, despite its focus on fertility language issues, has a low coverage rate, primarily providing core terms on techniques and treatments for assisted reproduction.

The analysis of English terms across various lexicographical resources reveals a consistent trend: some recognised terms in assisted reproduction are far more likely to be documented across multiple resources than their more specialised counterparts. For instance, the term ‘miscarriage’ is well-represented in all the consulted resources, while ‘recurrent miscarriage’ shows a more limited presence, documented only in a subset of these resources.

Similarly, the term ‘induced abortion’ is comprehensively documented across most resources, while ‘clinical abortion’ is documented less frequently, being absent from several resources. This pattern is further exemplified by terms like ‘primary amenorrhea’, which, while still documented in some resources such as SNOMED-CT and CIE-11, is absent from others, including LR and UNTERM. The inconsistent documentation of these terms suggests a gap in the representation of more specialised or complex medical conditions.

This trend extends to other specialised terms as well. For example, ‘endometrial biopsy’, which refers to a procedure involving the removal of a small sample of the uterine lining for examination, is documented in SNOMED-CT but absent from other resources like LR, UNTERM, IGFC, and CIE-11. In contrast, ‘chorionic biopsy’, another important diagnostic procedure in prenatal care, is not documented in any of the consulted resources despite its relevance.

The disparity between core terms and core terms with satellites is further exemplified by comparing ‘embryo’ and ‘euploid embryo’. The term ‘embryo’ is thoroughly documented across all resources, reflecting its fundamental role in medicine. On the other hand, the term ‘euploid embryo’ is notably absent from all consulted lexicographical resources. This absence underscores the difficulty in achieving uniform documentation for specialised terms critical in specific medical contexts, such as genetics and assisted reproduction.

Similarly, ‘testicular biopsy’, a procedure involving removing tissue from the testicle for examination, is not documented in any of the consulted resources. Moreover, while ‘prenatal diagnosis’ is documented in UNTERM, it is missing from other resources like SNOMED-CT, LR, IGFC, and CIE-11. The term ‘non-invasive prenatal diagnosis’, which refers to prenatal testing methods that do not involve invasive procedures, is absent from all resources despite its growing importance in modern prenatal care.

In summary, these findings demonstrate a clear correlation between a term’s level of specialisation and its likelihood of being uniformly documented. Due to their broad application in medical practice, core terms are more likely to be included across multiple resources. In contrast, specialised terms, particularly those involving complex medical procedures or conditions, are less consistently represented.

Finally, Table 6 provides a detailed categorisation of nucleus terms and their corresponding satellite terms in English. This table is a counterpart to Table 5, which lists Spanish terms. Similar to the Spanish terms, most satellites are adjectives, such as ‘euploid’ for ‘embryo’ or ‘circulating’ for ‘DNA’, which serve to specify characteristics or states directly linked to the nucleus term. There are also instances where the satellites are nouns, like ‘germ cell’ or ‘somatic cell’, which help in distinguishing subtypes within the broader category of ‘cell’. Additionally, some entries use noun phrases or acronyms, like ‘ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome’ or ‘IUI cycle’, to describe more complex concepts or procedures related to the base term. For example, ‘IIU’ stands for intrauterine insemination.

3.3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH/SPANISH TERMINOLOGY

This section compares the results of the lexicographical documentation conducted previously. Specifically, the aim is to study thoroughly and compare specific terms of both of the working languages in order to see any difference in the documentation of the terminology. To do so, four satellite terms were selected in the Spanish language as well as their equivalents in English in order to compare their appearance in each of the sources.

3.3.1. Analysis of specific terms

First of all, Table 7 and Table 8 gather the satellite terms analysed as well as their presence or not in the lexicographical sources we have worked. Concretely, Table 7 presents the four terms in Spanish (‘menopausia precoz’, ‘amenorrea primaria’, ‘célula de Sertoli’ and ‘transferencia intratubárica de gametos’) and Table 8 its equivalents in English (‘early menopause’, ‘primary amenorrhea’, ‘Sertoli cell’ and ‘gamete intrafallopian transfer’). Apart from the terms, the lexicographical sources appear at the top of the table. If a term appears in a specific source, the capital letter X appears underneath to reflect it.

As it can be seen, the first term ‘menopausia precoz’ appears in three of the sources consulted, namely DTM, DPTM and CIE-11, but not in SNOMED-CT nor the specialised glossary in fertility IGFC. Even though the Spanish term is present in most of the lexicographic sources, the presence of the English equivalent differs significantly. In this case, there is no documentation of ‘early menopause’ in any of the resources addressed for the English language. Notwithstanding that, there is indeed a result of a synonym: ‘premature menopause’. This synonym appears only in SNOMED-CT, so the frequency of appearance in English sources is still noticeably lower than its appearance in the Spanish ones. In spite of the fact that ‘early menopause’ is a fertility problem that hinders getting pregnant, there is no documentation of the term in IGFC, even though it covers fertility and infertility care.

Secondly, the satellite term ‘amenorrea primaria’ is documented in every source except for the IGFC, whereas the English satellite term, ‘primary amenorrhea’ only appears in SNOMED-CT and CIE-11. In this example, it can be seen that documentation is lineal in both languages, as the term appears in SNOMED-CT and CIE-11.

In the thematic field of Biología celular, the term ‘célula de Sertoli’ appears in DTM, DPTM and SNOMED-CT as an independent entry. The English equivalent ‘Sertoli cell’ also appears in SNOMED-CT and, contrary to the Spanish term, it is included in the IGFC. It is relevant to mention that it was decided not to include this term in the Spanish version of the glossary, despite its frequency of use. In particular, there are 89 occurrences of ‘célula de Sertoli’ in total, so at some point there is a correlation between its frequency of use in the corpus and its coverage in lexicographical resources.

Finally, the satellite term ‘transferencia intratubárica de gametos’ or ‘gamete intrafallopian transfer’ belongs to the thematic field Técnicas de Reproducción Asistida. Due to its level of specialisation, its documentation in the lexicographical sources is lower than other terms that have already been analysed. In this case, the term in Spanish only appears in the IGFC as well as the term in English, which appears in the IGFC and SNOMED-CT. Its absence in the rest of the sources may be due to its linguistic complexity as well as its specification.

The polylexic term ‘transferencia intratubárica de gametos’ has ‘transferencia’ as its nucleus and to transform it into a satellite term, it needed to be added some components such as the adjective intratubárica, de proposition de and the plural noun ‘gametos’. Therefore, its linguistic complexity can be perfectly seen when the term is itemised. This complexity also relies on its specificity, which makes it more difficult to document in the lexicographical sources we have worked with.

This comparison between languages demonstrates that the documentation of a particular term is not linear in both languages. That is to say, each source selects the terms that need to be included and, in some cases such as SNOMED-CT, CIE-11 and IGFC, the inclusion of a specific word may vary depending on the language.

4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

In this study we have presented the analysis of English and Spanish syntagmatic terminological units of Assisted Reproduction. For this purpose, we have sourced the terms in the Vocabulario de Reproducción Asistida, a resource created within the Neotermed project, as well as several lexicographical sources to perform the terminological documentation of the terms in both of the working languages.

Therefore, we have evaluated the frequency of use of the Spanish terms in the vocabulary in order to select the most common satellite words and their equivalents in English. Once the terms were extracted and selected, the lexicographical documentation in the sources was performed.

This study has proven that the two hypotheses set out at the outset are true.

First of all, the more components a term incorporates, the more specialised and complex the satellite term becomes. This difficulty is also represented in the decrease of its frequency of use in the corpus, as they are technical terms that may be only used in a specific field. Satellite terms such as ‘seminograma con recuento de espermatozoides’, ‘transferencia embrionaria ecoguiada’ and ‘transferencia intratubárica de cigotos’ are satellite terms with two or more components added to the nucleus, which make them more difficult to understand and less frequent in usage.

The second hypothesis stated that the more components a satellite term has, the less it is represented in dictionaries and glossaries. Once again, this hypothesis has been proved by studying the presence of the selected terms in the lexicographical sources selected for both languages. In Spanish, terms that have more than 2 components, for instance ‘seminograma con recuento de espermatozoides’, ‘ciclo de inseminación artificial’, ‘ciclo de reproducción asistida’ and ‘transferencia intratubárica de cigotos’ do not appear in any of the sources consulted for the Spanish documentation. The same happens in the English language with terms such as REM ‘semen analysis’, ‘artificial insemination cycle’ or ‘conjugal artificial insemination’, terms that do not appear either in the English documentation. In addition, some of these terms are under-represented in the corpus created within the Neotermed project, which may algo demonstrate their absence in the lexicographical sources.

Overall, this study confirms the hypothesis stated at the beginning of the investigation, and demonstrates that the more specialised and complex a satellite term is, the less it will appear in the corpus we have worked with and in the dictionaries and glossaries we have consulted.

For future research, it would be valuable to examine how the under-representation of complex and specialised satellite terms in both corpora and lexicographic resources affects the accessibility and dissemination of knowledge in specialised fields such as assisted reproduction. As these terms are crucial for accurate communication in such contexts, their absence from current resources suggests a need for systematic updating of lexicographic databases and glossaries. Future studies could focus on methodologies for incorporating these specialised terms into existing resources, ensuring that they are adequately documented and represented.

FUNDING

This work is part of the research project “Neotermed. Neología y terminología en ciencias de la salud”, reference CIAICO/2021/074, funded by the Generalitat Valenciana. Conselleria de Innovación, Universidades, Ciencia y Sociedad Digital.

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¹ www.neotermed.org

² https://vocabulario.neotermed.org/

³ For a detailed description of the corpus’s design and compilation, see Martínez Sánchez and Santamaría-Pérez (2023).

⁴ https://terms.iulma.ua.es/es/glosario-de-fertilidad-humana