The  Right to Private Property under Martial Law in Ukraine

Kateryna Nekit

doi:10.17561/tahrj.v20.7579

Authors

Kateryna Nekit National University Odesa Law Academy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v20.7579

Keywords:

the right to private property, requisition, forced alienation, martial law, war crimes, compensation for damage

Abstract

In Ukraine, the inviolability of the right to private property is guaranteed by the Constitution. However, under martial law, introduced in Ukraine as a result of aggression by the Russian Federation, restrictions on private property rights and even forced alienation of property for the needs of the state are allowed. This paper aims to determine the peculiarities of the legal regulation of private property relations under the legislation of Ukraine and to study the reasons for limiting property rights under martial law in Ukraine. Furthermore, it looks into the mechanisms for restoring property rights and issues in the field of implementation and protection of property rights under martial law. Such cases of restriction of private property rights as forced alienation of property and impossibility of disposal of property under martial law are being highlighted. The article also analyzes the problems of compensation for damage caused to property in terms of the war.

References

ALEKSEEV, S. (2007). Pravo sobstvennosti. Problemy teorii. Moskva: Norma.

CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. (2012). Some issues of implementation of full compensation for property forcibly alienated under the legal regime of martial law or a state of emergency: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 31, 2012. No 998. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998-2012-%D0%BF#Text

CABINET OF MINISTERS OF UKRAINE. (2022). Some issues of state registration and functioning of unified and state registers, the holder of which is the Ministry of justice, in terms of martial law: Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of March 6, 2022. No 209. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/209-2022-%D0%BF#Text

DAS, H. (2004). Restoring property rights in the aftermath of war. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 53(2), 429–443.

DZERA, O. (2005). Instytut prava vlasnosti za novym tsyvilnym zakonodavstvom i yevropeiski standarty z okhorony prava vlasnosti. Universytetski naukovi zapysky, 1-2, 69–75.

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (1995). Case of Loizidou v. Turkey (Application no. 15318/89). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-57920%22]}

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (1998). Akdivar and others v. Turkey (Applications no. 99/1995/605/693). Available at: https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/turkey/Turkey1002-12.htm

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2001). Case of Cyprus v. Turkey (Application no. 25781/94). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/Eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-59454%22]}

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2004). Case of Ilashku and others v. Moldova and Russia (Application no. 48787/99). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-61886%22]}

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2012). Case of Katan and others v. the Republic of Moldova and Russia (Application no. 43370/04, 8252/05 and 18454/06). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22002-7212%22]}

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2014). Case of Petlyovanyy v. Ukraine (Application no. 54904/08). Available at: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-147691

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2015). Case of Sargsyan v. Azerbaijan (Application no. 40167/06). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-155662%22]}

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2018). Sandu and others v. Russia and Moldova (Applications nos. 21034/05 and 7 others). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-184651%22]}

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS. (2021). Case of Georgia v. Russia (II). (Application no. 38263/08). Available at: https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-207757%22]}

FRANKOV, O. (2022). Zakhyst prava vlasnosti v umovakh voiennoho stanu. Naukovi zapysky Lvivskoho universytetu biznesu ta prava, 34, 77–83.

GLOWYUK, I., TETERYATNIK, G., ROGALSKA, V. & ZAVTUR, V. (2022). Osoblyvyi rezhym dosudovoho rozsliduvannia, sudovoho rozghliadu v umovakh voiennoho, nadzvychainoho stanu abo u raioni provedennia antyterorystychnoi operatsii chy zakhodiv iz zabezpechennia natsionalnoi bezpeky i oborony, vidsichi i strymuvannia zbroinoi ahresii Rosiiskoi Federatsii ta/abo inshykh derzhav proty Ukrainy: naukovo-praktychnyi komentar Rozdilu IX-1 Kryminalnoho protsesualnoho kodeksu Ukrainy. Lviv-Odesa. 31 p.

HEGEL, G.W.F. (1990). Filosofiya prava / Perevod B.G. Stolpnera i M.I. Levinoj; Red. i sost. D.A.Kerimov i V.S.Nersesyan. Moskva: Mysl'. 524 p.

HIGHER ANTI-CORRUPTION COURT OF UKRAINE. (2022). The higher anti-corruption court satisfied the first lawsuit of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine against a Russian citizen for confiscation of his assets located on the territory of Ukraine into the state income. Available at: https://first.vaks.gov.ua/publications/vyshchyy-antykoruptsiynyy-sud-zadovolnyv-pershyy-pozov-ministerstva-iustytsii-ukrainy-do-rosiyskoho-hromadianyna-pro-stiahnennia-v-dokhid-derzhavy-yoho-aktyviv-iaki-znakhodiatsia-na-terytorii-ukrainy/

KSE Institute et oth. (2022). Assessment of damages in Ukraine due to Russia's military aggression as of September 1, 2022. Available at: https://kse.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/ENG-Sep22_Working_Sep1_Damages-Report.docx.pdf

KUZNETSOVA, N. (2011). Sobstvennost' kak osnova grazhdanskogo obshchestva i demokraticheskogo gosudarstva. Pravo Ukrainy, 5, 4–12.

LOUCAIDES, L.G. (2004). The protection of the right to property in occupied territories. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 53(3), 677–690. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.3.677

MELNYK, R. & CHUBKO, T. (2016). Problemy obmezhennia prav i svobod liudyny v umovakh dii spetsialnoho pravovoho rezhymu. Visnyk Luhanskoho derzhavnoho universytetu vnutrishnikh sprav imeni E. O. Didorenka, 1, 125–134.

MINISTRY OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF UKRAINE. (2022). The Register of Damaged and Destroyed Property was presented in Ukraine. Available at: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/news/v-ukraini-prezentuvaly-reiestr-poshkodzhenoho-ta-znyshchenoho-maina

MINISTRY OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS OF UKRAINE. (2022). On the approval of the Procedure for obtaining firearms and ammunition by civilians participating in repelling and deterring armed aggression of the Russian Federation and/or other states: Order dated March 7, 2022 No. 175. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0295-22#Text

MINISTRY OF JUSTICE OF UKRAINE. (2022). On approval of the List of administrative-territorial units, within which user access to unified and state registers, the holder of which is the Ministry of justice of Ukraine, is terminated under martial law: Order of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine of April 1, 2022. No 1307/5. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0386-22#Text

MOLANGO, M.M. (2009). Property Right during armed conflict: application of adopting principles of international humanitarian law by the European Court of Human Rights. International legal studies program law journal, 1(2), 69–81.

NAUMENKO, Yu. (2020). Porushennia prava vlasnosti v umovakh zbroinoho konfliktu na Skhodi Ukrainy ta sposoby zakhystu. Kyiv. 56 p.

NEKIT, K. (2021a). Restrictions of private property right in terms of the COVID-19 pandemic: the experience of the US, UK and Ukraine. The Age of Human rights, 16, 263–277. https://doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v16.6275

NEKIT, K. (2021b). Pravo pryvatnoi vlasnosti v informatsiinomu suspilstvi: teoriia i praktyka. Odesa: Helvetyka. 554 p.

NOVOSELOVA, L. (2001). Opredelenie ob"ektov prava sobstvennosti. Grazhdanin i pravo, 2, 21–27.

PARLAMENT OF GEORGIA. (2006). On Property Restitution and Compensation for Persons Affected on the Territory of Georgia as a Result of the Conflict in the Former South Ossetian Autonomous Region: Law of Georgia of December 29, 2006 № 4284. Available at: https://matsne.gov.ge/ru/document/view/23050?publication=4

ROZGON, O. (2005). Mezhi ta obmezhennia prava vlasnosti: PhD Thesis. Kharkiv. 225 p.

SHERSHENEVICH, G. (2020). Uchebnik russkogo grazhdanskogo prava. V 2 tomakh. Tom 1. Obshchaya chast'. Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Yurajt. 148 p.

SUPREME COURT OF UKRAINE. (2019). Resolution of the Supreme Court of June 5, 2019 in case No. 554/7642/17. Available at: https://verdictum.ligazakon.net/document/82419731

SUPREME COURT OF UKRAINE. (2022a). Resolution of the Supreme Chamber of the Supreme Court of May 12, 2022 in case No. 635/6172/17. Available at: https://reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/104728593

SUPREME COURT OF UKRAINE. (2022b). Resolution of the Supreme Court dated April 14, 2022 in case No. 308/9708/19. Available at: https://supreme.court.gov.ua/userfiles/media/new_folder_for_uploads/supreme/zakonodastvo/Rish_sud_imun.pdf

TAYLOR, M. (2021). Taking property in war. In: War economies and international law: regulating the economic activities of violent conflict (globalization and human rights). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 179–205. doi:10.1017/9781108652124.011

THE REPUBLICAN ASSEMBLY OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC OF NOTHERN CYPRUS. (2005). Law for the Compensation, Exchange and Restitution of Immovable Properties, which are within the scope of sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph 1 of Article 159 of the Constitution: Law 67/2005. Available at: http://tamk.gov.ct.tr/Portals/37/67-2005yasaING.pdf

TOLSTOY, Yu. (1992). K ucheniyu o prave sobstvennosti. Pravovedenie, 1, 8–12.

UNITED NATIONS. (1949). Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/geneva-convention-relative-protection-civilian-persons-time-war

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (1992). On the ownership of certain types of property: Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of June 17, 1992. No. 2471-X. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2471-12#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (1996). Constitution of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine of June 28, 1996. No. 254к/96-ВР. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (1997). On the ratification of the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the First Protocol and Protocols No. 2, 4, 7 and 11 to the Convention: Law of Ukraine of July 17, 1997. No. 475/97-VR. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/475/97-%D0%B2%D1%80#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2003a). Civil Code of Ukraine. Law of Ukraine of January 16, 2003. No. 435-IV. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/435-15#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2003b). On Combating Terrorism: Law of Ukraine of March 20, 2003. No 638-IV. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/638-15#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2005). On Private International Law: Law of Ukraine of June 23, 2005. No 2709-IV. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2709-15#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2006). On the implementation of decisions and application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights: Law of Ukraine of February 23, 2006. No. 3477-IV. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/3477-15#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2009). On alienation of land plots, other real estate objects located on them, which are in private ownership, for public needs or for reasons of public necessity: Law of Ukraine of November 17, 2009. No. 1559-VI. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1559-17#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2012). On the Transfer, Forced Alienation or Seizure of Property Under the Legal Regime of Martial Law or State of Emergency: Law of Ukraine of May 17, 2012. No 4765-VI. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/4765-17#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2014a). On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine of April 15, 2014. No 1207-VII. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1207-18#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2014b). On Mortgages: Law of Ukraine of June 5, 2003. No 898-IV. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/898-15#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2014c). On Sanctions: Law of Ukraine of August 14, 2014. No 1644-VII. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1644-18#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2015). On the Legal Regime of Martial Law: Law of Ukraine of May 12, 2015. No 389-VIII. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/389-19#Text

VERKHOVNA RADA OF UKRAINE. (2022). On Approval of the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the Introduction of Martial Law in Ukraine”: Law of Ukraine of February 24, 2022. No 2102-IX. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2102-20#Text

VETROVA, D. (2006). Antropologo-pravovoe soderzhanie prava sobstvennosti. Sovremennoe pravo, 10, 43–46.