Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape

Management of the legal regime and ownership of the waters of the Alhama de Granada spa (Spain): a territorial tourist resource under debate

Aida Pinos-Navarrete, Cristina Domingo-Jaramillo, Juan Carlos Maroto-Martos — Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The Alhama de Granada spa is a space resource with a strong historical use. The properties of its mineral-medicinal waters have aroused the curiosity of many people. For that reason, in the last centuries the lands of Alhama have welcomed different civilizations in search of thermal cures in their spa. However, use of these salubrious waters has also been marked by greed and litigation. In this document, firstly the geographical context and the historical uses of the water in the Alhama de Granada spa are collected and secondly, the different phases of the legal regime and ownership of the water are described. In this way, the objective is to carry out a geohistorical analysis of the use of the mineral-medicinal waters of the Alhama spa and its legislative framework in order to draw conclusions related to the current situation of the resource and local development.

Sharing water in the international Tagus River basin: a geopolitical approach to explaining water governance issues in Spain

Darío Salinas Palacios — Thu, 27 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This paper provides an overview of different policies, political strategies and spatial conflicts on water issues in 21^st century Spain, with an illustrating example about the management of the Tagus River. This international river basin, which is shared between Spain and Portugal, must meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive, as all the river basins in the European Union do. The power granted to Spanish regions, their asymmetric economic development patterns, and the worsening droughts associated with climate change have created a water conflict. This paper shows, through the French geopolitical approach, how water policy in Spain has evolved these last decades and how water scarcity has become a geopolitical representation in certain territories. This study focuses on the territorial observation of power rivalries at different scales, providing new and complementary elements that can help understand water governance challenges in Spain in the years to come.

Institutional environment and bottled water market in Mexico during Covid-19 times

Delia Montero Contreras, Jorge Hernández Gutiérrez — Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In Mexico, uncertainty due to lack of information on the quality of drinking water has led to a high consumption of bottled water. Understanding and finding its prevalence requires knowledge of the institutional environment and how it has favored the development of bottled water market and has generated changes in preferences in times of Covid-19. To understand the institutional environment, we use three concepts: institutional incentives, institutional inputs and institutional demands, which allow us to interpret the evolution and permanence or a market worth 20 billion pesos, which is maintained in times of pandemic and economic difficulties in a large part of the population, which has not stopped consuming bottled water, but has changed its preferences.

Analysis of municipal public policies for payment for water environmental services through the Public Policy Assessment Index: the state of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) as a study model

Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This work proposes to analyze the Municipal Public Policies (PPMs) of Payment for Environmental Services (PSA) Water in the state of Rio de Janeiro, with the application of the Public Policy Assessment Index (IAPP). The PPMs were raised through virtual searches for the extensions “rj.gov.br” and “rj.leg.br” with keywords “Municipal Policy for Payments for Environmental Services” and associated keywords, in addition to the scientific literature. The IAPP has 12 parameters organized into two elements of analysis: Management and Impact, with a maximum score of 1.0 and classification “Beginner”, “Satisfactory”, “Superior” and “Advanced”. 20 PPMs of Water PSA were found. The municipality of Rio Claro/RJ-Brazil, which has an agreement with the regional Hydrographic Basin Committee (CBH), obtained the best score, 0.8, with a “Superior” classification. More than 50 % of PPMs are “Beginners”, indicating a need for development. The participation of CBHs is a relevant option for the studied PPMs.

The reciprocity in water management and the reproduction of indigenous local government in the Nahuatl world

Ana Bertha García-Bravo, Javier Ramírez-Juárez, Manuel Roberto Parra-Vázquez — Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The challenges imposed by water management have turned to look at the work done by local committees, who do not have recognition or support from government agencies. The aim of this work is to identify the relationships that occur in the formation of a local water committee and the factors that motivate relationships and their permanence in time. Through a case study and using a ethnographic methodology, it was identified that a reproduction of the Nahuatl indigenous government is generated at different scales within the system and we observed them in the local water committee. The theoretical explanation that helps us to understand reproduction within the system is the dynamic system of generalized reciprocity. We identify a principle of order in relationships and expectations, the principle of reciprocity.

Community governance of rural drinking water systems in a highly privatized context:

Àlex Boso Gaspar, María Fernanda Millán, Luz Karime Sánchez Galvis — Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This article looks into community governance of rural drinking water systems in Araucania, southern Chile. Through various social research techniques, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and social network analysis, we obtained results that point to social capital and the patrimonialisation of the resource as the main mechanisms generating community cooperation that facilitates the subsistence of the system. In a context of high privatization, the study identifies the alienation of water rights and some group characteristics, such as the lack of socio-technical skills, as the main factors that hinder the survival of the system.

For an analysis of landscape physiology applied to Pontal do Paranapanema

Diogo Laércio Gonçalves, Messias Modesto dos Passos, Juliane Maistro — Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of this work is to analyze the physiology of the landscape in the Pontal do Paranapanema region, specifically in the Santo Antonio river basin, following three basic objectives: to lead to an understanding of the organization, functioning and dynamics of landscapes, to emphasize the study and the integrated analysis of the constituent elements of landscapes; understand and discuss concepts, laws and influences of anthropic actions. We opted for a dynamic typology that classifies geosystems according to their evolution. It takes into account three elements: system of evolution, stage reached in relation to the climax, general sense of dynamics, inspired by Erhart's theory of bioresistance. Two types of geosystems grouped into two different dynamic sets were distinguished. The analyzes of satellite images, photographs and observations on the ground help to explain the evolutionary processes.

Regional geosystems of the Miranda Planning and Management Unit (UPG), Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Lidiane Perbelin Rodrigues, Charlei Aparecido da Silva — Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to present and analyze the dynamics of the landscape of Miranda Planning and Management Unit (UPG), in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. The methodology employed was based on the concepts of natural areas, geosystems and landscape. The definition of geosystems was obtained from the crossing of thematic data that characterize Zonal and Azonal elements of the landscape layers, characterizing a bisectoral perspective. In its application, it was used data relative to the megageomorphological and climatobotanical compartmentalization. It was used "Spatial Language for Algebraic Geoprocessing" (LEGAL) available in SPRING 5.3. It was realized is matricial crossing between the variables, from which was obtained the delimitation of 27 Regional Geosystems. The results demonstrated the great landscape contrast in the Miranda UPG, which, due to their physical and geographical characteristics, present different support capacities for anthropic activities.

The reading and representation of the rural landscape as an instrument of municipal management

Sidnei Luís Bohn Gass, Dieison Morozoli da Silva, Sidney Ferreira de Arruda — Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Municipalities add impactful socio-territorial dynamics in the landscape, which is the set of forms that express the inheritance of the relations society and nature. that can be understood using technical criteria, such as the PUC. Thus, the objective was to present a proposal for the application of reading and representation of the rural landscape of Santo Cristo, RS, through PCU. Soils, lithologies and slopes, weighted under Hierarchical Process Analysis, resulted in a PCU map, later compared with land structure and municipal land use and cover. The medium PCU predominated (69.21 %), followed by high (27.70 %), very high (2.78 %) and low (0.31 %), distributed in a land structure of small rural properties of dairy farming and soybean farming. Significant changes in land use and occupation occurred in the high and very high PCU. This zoning and its techniques can contribute to the planning and management of the landscape.

Mapping riverside communities in Tefé – Amazonas – Brazil

Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In the scientific literature, geospatial data on riverside communities located in Tarará Island, in the municipality of Tefé, State of Amazonas, Brazil, are scarce. The unevenness of mapping and updating information about these communities makes them invisible on official maps and generates uncertainty about their toponyms. This article presents the mapping and toponyms of these riverside communities. The methodology foundations comprise Crowdsourcing and Voluntary Geographic Information (VGI). The procedures were research, collection and analysis of cartographic data on toponyms, mapped through the OpenStreetMap Platform, and data collection in the field. The results indicate that the communities are no longer invisible in several free databases in Brazil and that, despite the discrepancies between the toponyms data in several documents, allowed the names of the 14 riverside communities located in the island to be validated.

Urban Land Use and Land Cover Mapping

Thiago Azevedo, Lindon Fonseca Matias — Thu, 07 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The Brazilian urbanization process produced a complex urban space, with a variety of urban land use and cover as a result. The study of these forms through a classification system is essential, but most current systems don’t capture this complexity, condensing it. Urban forms are difficult to distinguish and classify, resulting in the need for a system with a high degree of detail, for a more accurate urban planning. The objective of this work is to propose a classification system for urban land use and cover, which can demonstrate the multiplicities through remote sensing, using data from CBERS 04A satellite. The methodology surveys the visual elements of remote sensing images, through visual interpretation, relating them to each proposed use and cover class. With this, a classification system was developed that covers the urban space in 17 classes, being an effective way to raise information about the different urban forms.

Socio-spatial transformations and territorial appropriation of Ipeúna, state of São Paulo, Brazil region

Mara Ligia Scotton de Carvalho — Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzes the territorial appropriation of the region that includes the municipality of Ipeúna, as well as areas close to the borders with its bordering municipalities, and establishes as a time frame the period between the 17th and 20th centuries. The objective is to understand the beginning and consolidation of the occupation of this territory, as well as to investigate the agents involved in this process of settlement, from the understanding of its relationship with the local and regional context. It is about identifying the transformations that occurred after the constitution of the first paths, the allotments donated to this region, and follow the fragmentations that occurred through the first official records of their dismemberments; in parallel, the agents that caused the organization of the space are contextualized, as well as the transformations of its landscape, as a result of the historical, social, economic, political and cultural factors.

Application of spectral indexes in the evaluation of sediment input to the reservoirs of the Itumbiara and Batalha hydroelectric power plants (Brazil)

Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, two spectral indexes were implemented using Landsat images, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) for the delimitation of the water mirror and the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI) to evaluate the sediment contribution to the reservoirs of the hydroelectric power plants Itumbiara and Batalha, located on the borders of the states of Goiás and Minas Gerais. The acquisition and processing were carried out in the Google Earth Engine platform and the post-processing in the QGIS software. The NDTI was applied to the reservoirs considering the variation in water level between the dry and rainy seasons in 2020. The highest concentration of turbidity in the Itumbiara reservoir occurred in September, and the lowest in June. August was the month with the highest turbidity concentration and July the lowest in the Batalha reservoir.

Google Earth Engine applied to rainfall mapping in Triângulo Sul Mineiro – Brazil

Thu, 07 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Satellite precipitation estimates have been proposed in several scientific works, contributing as an important tool for data consistency, in addition to different applications of innovation, it refers to the automation of tasks, this provides precision and greater quality to the database itself. The objectives were to evaluate the spatialization of precipitation and the Google Earth Engine platform in the context of data analysis. The spatial distribution of precipitation by the TRMM satellite was analyzed. It was possible to verify the variation of the rains, and it was verified that the condition of the usual dry and rainy year does not refer essentially to the annual rainfall, but to the distribution of rains over the months and the delimitation of the periods (seasonality). These estimates, when compared with point values, show that they can provide a good idea of the spatial distribution of rainfall.

Environmental vulnerability and the potential for soil loss around tourist attractions in Cerrado landscapes, in the Caiapó river basin, Caiapônia (GO) - Brazil

Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The upper basin of the Caiapó river, located in the Cerrado biome, is marked by the existence of water erosive processes that substantially modify the landscape, and it is altered by intense fragmentation of the natural vegetation, due to the agricultural expansion. Based on this context, the objective of the study was to investigate the environmental vulnerability and the potential for soil loss in the upper Caiapó river basin, in the southwest of the state of Goiás, Brazil, including the surroundings of nine tourist attractions. The methodologies of Salomão et al. (2012), to assess the potential for laminar erosion, and Crepani et al. (2001), for analysis of environmental vulnerability to soil loss, were applied. The results showed that most of the area was made up of pastures, associated with extreme susceptibility to erosion, in spatial coincidence with the “Mediumly Stable/Vulnerable” environmental vulnerability class, with more than 70% of occurrence.

The river basin and its topography:

Elfany Lopes, Caroline Coutinho de Oliveira — Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The study analyzed forest fragmentation as a function of existing topographic attributes in Mangues River Basin between 1990 and 2018. The vegetation area was segmented from the temporal mapping of land use in Porto Seguro city, classifying in small, medium and large sizes. For each fragment was extracted the average of altimetrics and slope, obtained by digital elevation model. The area adequacy were analyzed wich instruments Urban Plan and Atlantic Forest Municipal Plan. An increase in forest fragmentation in the hydrographic basin was identified, with smaller fragments in lower and flatter areas. Management instruments are potential for the management of the watershed, but they have goals that have not yet been achieved.

Variability of vegetation spectral indexs according to rainfal regime around the Itumbiara Hydrelétic Power Plant reservoir – Brazil (2010-2020)

Izaias de Souza Silva, Diego Tarley Ferreira Nascimento — Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The availability of Remote Sensing data has proved to be fundamental in the assessment of the daily, monthly, seasonal and annual variability of phenomena that occur on the Earth's surface. In the present study, the objective is to investigate the landscape variation during the seasonality and the precipitation regime in the surroundings of the reservoir of the Itumbiara Hydroelectric Power Plant - GO. For that, Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite images were used to evaluate the variability of vegetation indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index - EVI - and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI), according to monthly, seasonal variation and annual rainfall in the period between 2010 and 2020. The data showed an unequivocal relationship between vegetation dynamics and the alternation and duration of rainy and dry periods in the study area, with greater sensitivity of the EVI, in relation to the NDVI.

Analysis of the density of linear erosive features as a subsidy to the study of the landscape

Rafael Andrade, Cenira Maria Lupinacci — Tue, 26 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Erosive features can reveal or even denounce places where land use degrades soil quality. In order to identify and analyze these lands, a Density Map of Linear Erosive Features of a cuesta relief area in the municipality of Botucatu (Brazil) was elaborated. The analysis of the Linear Erosive Features Density Map (2010/2011) and the Land Use Map (2010/2011) showed that the highest density classes of erosive features are located on pastures, but are often triggered by runoff from urban areas or highways. Therefore, the map of density of linear erosive features proved to be an efficient instrument for landscape analysis, and could also contribute to the conservation of soils.

The use of high resolution images in mapping of landscapes affected by erosion

Estêvão Botura Stefanuto, Cenira Maria Lupinacci — Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

The linear erosive features, can be understood as a result of this relation between natural and man-made elements. Thus, the aim is to analyze a landscape with erosion features from high resolution images recorded by a DJI MAVIC Pro UAV with a RGB CMOS sensor of 12.35M effective pixels. The results, show possibility of identifying degree of dynamism of erosive gullies sidewall as well as for an increase in detailing erosive systems linked to ravines. The similarity between the phenomena identified in field and those present in the image is also interesting and constitutes a factor that drastically reduces the onus over the reambulation steps. A few limitations were identified, such as the need for some field verifications to characterize topographic ruptures with water flow and limitations in the photointerpretation process, caused, for example, by obstruction in the field of view.

The morphometric cartography of relief as a subsidy to the study of the landscape: the upper Capivara River catchment – Botucatu (SP) – Brazil

Higor Lourenzoni Bonzanini, Cenira Maria Lupinacci — Wed, 26 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Cartography has the potential to help identify areas that need to be protected, and may help in environmental planning. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify naturally fragile sectors, with great potential for changing the geomorphological landscape in an area of cuestiform relief, in the upper basin of the Capivara river, in Botucatu (SP). For this, maps of slope, vertical dissection, horizontal dissection and relief energy were prepared, showing sectors naturally susceptible to the occurrence of erosion processes, which are still affected by inadequate land use. It is concluded that morphometric cartography, by providing information for land use to be carried out considering the limitations imposed by the natural characteristics of the relief, can collaborate with the understanding of the dynamics of the landscape and, therefore, be used as an instrument for managing spaces busy.

From the study of landscape to landscape education:

Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Landscape is a common object of study in all educational systems, but it is necessary to differentiate between studying landscape and educating in landscape. In fact, the latter is a relatively recent concept that is linked to the current reformulation of the notion of landscape according to the guidelines contained in the European Landscape Convention. The article summarizes the basic pillars on which landscape education is based and presents research results on the subject Landscape and Sustainability, as well as an experience in training of primary school teachers to educate in landscape. Both cases show the educational interest offered by the heritage dimension of landscape, its identity value, and its consideration as a social product. The need to educate in landscape using innovative methodological strategies, materials, and teaching resources –namely fieldwork and new technologies– is also highlighted.

PERIS ALBENTOSA, Tomàs, 2019, Enciclopèdia del regadiu històric valencià. Infraestructures hidràuliques i distribució de l’aigua.

Salvador Calatayud Giner — Mon, 04 Sep 2023 00:00:00 +0000

PERIS ALBENTOSA, Tomàs, 2019, Enciclopèdia del regadiu històric valencià. Infraestructures hidràuliques i distribució de l’aigua. Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana, Universitat de València, Academia Valenciana de la Llengua, Cátedra Demetrio Ribes y Acequia Real del Júcar, 774 págs. ISBN 978-84-482-6421-5.