Mecánica sagital del cambio de dirección en jugadoras de fútbol de diferente nivel competitivo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/jump.n4.5Palabras clave:
lesiones, ligamento cruzado anterior, factores de riesgo, mecánica de side-step, paso lateral, flexión de rodilla, cinemática del tronco, maniobras de deceleraciónResumen
La evaluación del cambio de dirección podría contribuir de forma importante tanto a orientar el entrenamiento preventivo como a guiar los procesos de recuperación de las futbolistas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir la mecánica sagital del cambio de dirección (COD) de un grupo de jugadoras de fútbol y comparar la biomecánica sagital del COD, así como el rendimiento de las jugadoras en la prueba en función de su nivel competitivo. Para ello, se analizaron las mecánicas de flexión de rodilla y flexión de tronco de las futbolistas durante el penúltimo (PA) y último apoyo en un COD de 90º. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal con 34 jugadoras de entre 16-28 años pertenecientes a dos equipos femeninos de diferente nivel competitivo. Para el análisis de la biomecánica sagital del COD se utilizó el software Kinovea. El tiempo de ejecución fue calculado mediante células fotoeléctricas. Se encontró que la posición media del tronco fue en flexión en el momento del contacto inicial durante el penúltimo apoyo, tanto en el COD hacia la derecha (7,0±4,8º), como en el COD hacia la izquierda (6,1±5,6º). La flexión de rodilla máxima (DER: 94,1±21º; IZQ: 91,5±26,7º) fue considerablemente superior (valores inferiores) a la flexión de rodilla en el contacto inicial (DER: 122,9±21,1º; IZQ: 122,4±24,1º) del último apoyo. Por otro lado, tanto la flexión de tronco inicial como máxima durante el último apoyo, presentaron valores significativamente superiores en el equipo de futbolistas de élite (inicial: 12,1±6,7º vs. 5,2±6,3º; máxima: 13,4±6,8º vs. 7,3±6º). En conclusión, las jugadoras de fútbol mostraron una estrategia de flexión de tronco de bajo riesgo durante el apoyo final, sin embargo, no realizaron una estrategia de deceleración clara y eficiente durante el PA, aunque sí que presentaron una adecuada flexión de rodilla. Las futbolistas de élite realizaron el cambio de dirección más rápido y de forma más segura.
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Derechos de autor 2021 Violeta García-Quiles, Alba Aparicio Sarmiento
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