La gobernanza de la biodiversidad marina en zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional: desafíos y perspectivas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/rej.n16.a1Resumen
La adopción de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (en adelante, CNUDM) en 1982 marcó un antes y un después en la historia de la gobernanza de los océanos. Sin embargo, más de 30 años después, es evidente que muchas de sus ambiciosos objetivos aún no se han podido cumplir, especialmente en lo que se refiere a la protección y preservación del medio marino y la conservación de la biodiversidad en zonas fuera de la jurisdicción nacional (en adelante, ZFJN). Por eso se inició un proceso desde 2006 en el marco de la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas para adoptar un instrumento vinculante en virtud de la CNUDM - Acuerdo de aplicación - que subsana las lagunas a nivel de regulación y de gobernanza de la biodiversidad marina en ZFJN. En este artículo destacaremos dichas lagunas y propondremos una serie de medidas que el futuro Acuerdo de aplicación debería contener para poder subsanarlas.Descargas
Citas
AGARDY, T., et al., “Mind the gap: Addressing the shortcomings of marine protected areas through large scale marine spatial planning”, in Marine Policy, 2011, 35
ARDRON, J., E., et al., “Advancing governance of the high seas”, in Policy Brief N°06/13, Iddri-IASS, Paris, 2013
ARNAUD HAOND, S., et al., “Marine biodiversity and gene patents”, in Science 2011
ARNAUD-HAOND, S., et al., “Marine biodiversity and gene patents”, in Science, Volume 331, n°. 6024, 2011
BROGGIATO, A., “Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction: Bridging the gaps between science and policy”, in Marine Policy, 49, 2014
BROGGIATO, A. “Global and Regional Regimes on Genetic Resources, Experiences and Best Practices”, in IUCN Information Papers for the Intersessional Workshop on Marine Genetic Resources 2-3 May 2013, IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Alemania, 2013
CULLIS-SUZUKI, S. et al., “Failing the high seas: a global evaluation of regional fisheries management organisations”, in Marine Policy, Vol. 34, issue 4, 2010
DANILENKO, G.M., Law-making in the international community, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leyde, 1993
DRUEL, E., et. al., “Governance of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction at the regional level: filling the gaps and strengthening the framework for action – Case studies from the NorthEast Atlantic, Southern Ocean, Western Indian Ocean, South West Pacific and the Sargasso Sea”, Study N°04/12, in IDDRI and AAMP, Paris, Francia, 2012
DRUEL, E., “Environmental impact assessments in areas beyond national jurisdiction”, Study N°01/13, in IDDRI, Paris, 2013
DRUEL, E., et al., "A legal scenario analysis for marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Report from the Boulogne-sur-Mer seminar, 19-21 September 2011", Studies N° 06/11, in IDDRI-IUCN-Agence des Aires Marines Protégées, París, Francia, 2011
DURUSSEL, C., et al., An International Instrument on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in Marine Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Exploring Different Elements to Consider. Paper IX: Technology Transfer and Capacity Building, German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, 2014
DRUEL, E, GJERDE, KM. “Sustaining marine life beyond boundaries: options for an implementing agreement for marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, in Marine Policy 49, 2014
FREESTONE, D. “Problems of high seas governance”, in University of New South Wales, Faculty of Law Research Series, Paper 43, 2009
GJERDE, K.M., “Challenges to protecting the marine environment beyond national jurisdiction”, in Int J Mar Coast Law 2012; 27
GJERDE, K.M., et al., “Oceans in peril: reforming the management of global ocean living resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction”, in Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013
GJERDE, K.-M, et al., “Regulatory and governance gaps in the international regime for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction”, in Marine series no. 1, UICN, Gland, 2008
GJERDE, K.-M., et al, Options for addressing regulatory and governance gaps in the international regime for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, UICN, Gland, 2008
GREIBER, T., S. et al, An explanatory Guide to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing, UICN, Gland
GREIBER y al., IUCN Information papers for the intersessional workshop on marine genetic resources, UICN, Gland, 2013
GUTIÉRREZ CASTILLO, V.L. “La ordenación del espacio marítimo y la gobernanza sostenible en la Unión Europea”, in Revista General de Derecho Europeo, nº 35, 2015
HOUGHTON, K., "Identifying new pathways for ocean governance: The role of legal principles in areas beyond national jurisdiction", in Marine Policy, 49, 2014
JUNIPER, K. “Technological, Environmental, Social and Economic Aspects”. In IUCN Information Papers for the Intersessional Workshop on Marine Genetic Resources 2-3 May 2013. Bonn, Alemania, 2013
LODGE, M., et al., Recommended best practices for Regional Fisheries Management Organisations – Report of an independent panel to develop a model for improved governance by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations, The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, Londres, 2007
NORSE, E.-A., et al., “Sustainability of deep-sea fisheries”, in Marine Policy 36, 2012
OUDE ELFERINK, A. G., “Governance principles for areas beyond national jurisdiction”, Report for the symposium ‘Biological Diversity and Governance of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction’, organized by the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea of Utrecht University and the Netherlands ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation”’ in Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea Utrecht University. 2011
RAYFUSE, R., et al.,. “Ocean fertilisation and climate change: the need to regulate emerging High Seas uses”, in Int J Mar Coast Law 23, 2008
ROCHETTE, J. et al., A new chapter for the high seas? Historic decision to negotiate an international legally binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, IDDRI, issue brief nº 02/15, 2015
TLADI, D. “Ocean governance – a fragmented regulatory framework”, In: JACQUET P, PACHAURI R, TUBIANA L, editors. Oceans: the new frontier – a planet for life, Delhi: Teri Press; 2011
TLADI, D., “Gouvernance des océans : un cadre de réglementation fragmenté?”, in JACQUET, P., et al., (dir. pub.), Océans – La nouvelle frontière, Armand Colin, Paris, 2011
TOROPOVA , C., et al., “Global ocean protection: present status and future opportunities”, in AAMP, Brest ; UICN WCPA, Gland, Washington, DC et New York, NY ; UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK ; TNC, Arlington, VA ; UNU, Tokyo ; WCS, New York, NY, 2010
VIERROS, M., et al., “Emerging and Unresolved Issues: The Example of Seabed and Open Ocean Genetic Resources in ABNJ”, in Sustainable Oceans in the Twenty-first Century, UNU Press. 2013
WRIGHT, G. et al., Advancing marine biodiversity protection through regional fisheries management: a review of high seas bottom fisheries closures, IDDRI, Working Paper N°14/2014
