The Do pesticides and mycotoxins in water pose an exposure risk to humans?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/at.25.7926Keywords:
Children, Contaminants, Daily intake, Water consumptionAbstract
This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of pesticides and mycotoxins in water (e. g., drinking, well, tap and river water) published in the literature from 2008 to 2023 and to estimate the risks of exposure for humans to these contaminants through water consumption. An occurrence survey showed that maximum concentrations of pesticides and mycotoxins were 88732 and 19500 ng/L, respectively, in water. Exposure risk assessment estimated by daily intake (DI) of pesticides and mycotoxins showed that children, young people and adults, in descending order, are affected. Therefore, the younger the age group, the greater the exposure risk to contaminants when ingestion of water containing maximum concentrations was analyzed by the occurrence survey.
Downloads
References
Al-Amri, Issa S.; Kadim, Isam; AlKindi, Abdulaziz; Hamaed, Ahmed; Al-Magbali, Rabea; Khalaf, Samera; Al-Hosni, Khdija; Mabood, Fazal. 2021: “Determination of residues of pesticides, anabolic steroids, antibiotics, and antibacterial compounds in meat products in Oman by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay”. Veterinary World, 14(3), 709-720. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.709-720
Banu, Narasimhan; Sadagopan, Pavithra. 2016: “Enumeration of terrestrial mycobiota and aflatoxin in drinking water”. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences, 18(1), 207-217.
Bellí, Neus; Marín, Sonia; Sanchis, Vicent; Ramos, Antonio. 2006: “Impact of fungicides on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production on synthetic grape-like medium and on grapes”. Food Additives & Contaminants, 23(10), 1021-1029. https://doi.org/10.1080/02652030600778702
Bohn, Torsten; Cocco, Emmanuelle; Gourdol, Laurent; Guignard, Cédric; Hoffmann, Lucien. 2011: “Determination of atrazine and degradation products in Luxembourgish drinking water: origin and fate of potential endocrine-disrupting pesticides”. Food Ad-ditives & Contaminants: Part A, 28(8), 1041-1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.580012
Bosch, Lars T.; Pfohl, Katharina; Avramidis, Georg; Wieneke, Stephan; Viöl, Wolfgang; Karlovsky, Petr. 2017: “Plasma-based degradation of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria Species”. Toxins, 9, 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9030097
Brasil. 2021: Ministério da Saúde, Portaria MS n.° 888. https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2021/prt0888_07_05_2021.html
Bucheli, Thomas D.; Wettstein, Felix E.; Hartmann, Niccolo; Erbs, Marianne; Vogelgsang, Susanne; Forrer, Hans-Rudolf; Schwarzenbach, René P. 2008: “Fusarium mycotoxins: over¬looked aquatic micropollutants?”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 1029-1034. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073082k
Caldas, Sergiane S.; Arias, Jean Lucas O.; Rombaldi, Caroline; Mello, Lucas L.; Cerqueira, Maristela B. R.; Martins, Ayrton F.; Primel, Ednei G. 2019: “Occurrence of pesticides and PPCPs in surface and drinking water in southern Brazil: data on 4-year monitoring”. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 30(1), 71- 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20180154
Çelik, Ayla; Belli, İdil; Koçak, Emek. 2022: “Genotoxicity of quizalofop-p-ethyl on Vicia faba root cells micronucleus induc¬tion and mitotic index”. Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engi¬neering, Natural & Medical Sciences, 9(23), 60-65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7130682
Chen, Lu; Qian, Yong Z.; Jia, Qi; Weng, Rui; Zhang, Xinglian; Li, Yun; Qiu, Jing. 2023: “A national-scale distribution of organo¬chlorine pesticides (OCPs) in cropland soils and major types of food crops in China: co-occurrence and associated risks”. Science of The Total Environment, 861, 160637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160637
China. 2006: Ministry of Health of China National Standard of the People's republic of China GB 5749-2006, 2006. http://tradechina.dairyaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/GB-5749- 2006-Standards-for-Drinking-Water-Quality.pdf
Costa, Carmen L. A.; Cerqueira, Maristela B. R.; Garda-Buffon, Jaqueline. 2019: “Kresoxim-methyl and famoxadone as activa¬tors of toxigenic potential of Aspergillus carbonarius”. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 36(12), 1860-1870. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1670869
Deng, Yijia; Deng, Qi; Wang, Yaling; Sun, Lijun; Wang, Rundong; Ye, Lin; Liao, Jianmeng; Gooneratne, Ravi. (2020). “Tolerance and bio-accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in invertebrate Litopenaeus vannamei and vertebrate Oreochromis niloticus”. Aquaculture, 524, 735055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. aquaculture.2020.735055
Diab, Hassan M.; Ahmed, Ahmed M.; Alkazmi, Luay M. M. A; Batiha, Gaber E.; El-Zamkan, Mona A. 2021: “Antifungal disinfectants efficiency on aspergillus strains from camel’s milk and drinking water: biological detoxification of aflatoxin M1”. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 67(171), 75-102. https://doi.org/10.21608/avmj.2021.205248
Diao, Enjie; Wang, Jiasheng; Li, Xiangyang; Wang, Xinfeng; Song, Huwei; Gao, Dongsheng. 2019: “Effects of ozone pro¬cessing on patulin, phenolic compounds and organic acids in apple juice”. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 957- 965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-03561-0
Dijk, Tessa C. V.; Staalduinen, Marja A. V.; Sluijs, Jeroen P. V. 2013: “Macro-invertebrate decline in surface water polluted with imidacloprid”. Plos One, 8(5), e62374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062374
Dudziak, Mariusz. 2012: “Removal of zearalenone from water by means of ozonation and integrated system of ozonation/nano¬filtration”. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering A, 19(7), 779- 785. https://doi.org/10.2428/ecea.2012.19(07)077
Eagles, Emily J.; Benstead, Rachel; MacDonald, Susan; Handy, Richard D.; Hutchinson, Thomas H. 2021: “Environmental risks to freshwater organisms from the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone using Species Sensitivity Distributions”. Chemosphere, 267, 129279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129279
Elfikrie, Nurulizani; Ho, Yu B.; Zaidon, Siti Z.; Juahir, Hafizan; Tan, Eugenie S. S. 2020: “Occurrence of pesticides in surface water, pesticides removal efficiency in drinking water treatment plant and potential health risk to consumers in Tengi River Basin, Malaysia”. Science of The Total Environment, 712, 136540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136540
Ellner, Frank M. 2005: “Results of long-term field studies into the effect of strobilurin containing fungicides on the production of mycotoxins in several winter wheat varieties”. Mycotoxin Research, 21, 112-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02954432
El-Nahhal, Ibrahim; El-Nahhal, Yasser Z. 2021: “Pesticide residues in drinking water, their potential risk to human health and removal options”. Journal of Environmental Management, 299, 113611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113611
Emídio, Elissandro S.; Silva, Claudia P.; Marchi, Mary R. R. 2015: “Determination of estrogenic mycotoxins in environmental water samples by low-toxicity dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry”. Journal of Chromatography A, 1391, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chroma.2015.02.067
European Commission. 1996: Food science and techniques: reports if the scientific committee for food. Brussels (Belgium), Of¬fice for Official Publications of the European Communities.
European Union. 2020: Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the Euro¬pean Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Official Journal of the European Union, 1-62. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2020/2184/oj
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na¬tions). 2022: The State of Food and Agriculture. Rome (Italy). https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9479en
Feksa, Heraldo R.; Couto, Hilton T. Z.; Garozi, Renato; Almeida, Juliano L.; Gardiano, Cristiane G.; Tessmann, Dauri J. 2019: “Pre- and postinfection application of strobilurin-triazole premix¬es and single fungicides for control of Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol mycotoxin in wheat”. Crop Protection, 117, 128- 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2018.12.003
Fernandes, Gracieli; Aparicio, Virginia C.; Bastos, Marilia C.; Gerónimo, Eduardo; Labanowski, Jérôme; Prestes, Osmar D.; Zanella, Renato; Santos, Danilo R. 2019: “Indiscriminate use of glyphosate impregnates river epilithic biofilms in southern Brazil”. Science of The Total Environment, 651(1), 1377-1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.292
Garcia, Sabrina O.; Sibaja, Karen V. M.; Nogueira, Wesclen V.; Fel¬trin, Ana C. P.; Pinheiro, Diean F. A.; Cerqueira, Maristela B. R.; Furlong, Eliana B.; Garda-Buffon, Jaqueline. 2020: “Peroxidase as a simultaneous degradation agent of ochratoxin A and zearalenone applied to model solution and beer”. Food Research International, 131, 109039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109039
Gonçalves, Keven D. M.; Sibaja, Karen V. M.; Feltrin, Ana C. P.; Remedi, Rafael D.; Garcia, Sabrina O.; Garda-Buffon, Jaque¬line. 2018: “Occurrence of aflatoxins B1 and M1 in milk powder and UHT consumed in the city of Assomada (Cape Verde Islands) and southern Brazil”. Food Control, 93, 260-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.010
Gonkowski, Slawomir; Obremski, Kazimierz; Makowska, Kry¬styna; Rytel, Liliana; Mwaanga, Edwell, S. 2018: “Levels of zearalenone and its metabolites in sun-dried kapenta fish and water of Lake Kariba in Zambia - A preliminary study”. Science of the Total Environment, 637(638), 1046-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.091
Greco, Mariana; Kemppainen, Minna; Pose, Graciela; Pardo, Alejandro. 2015: “Taxonomic characterization and secondary metabolite profiling of Aspergillus section Aspergillus contaminating feeds and feedstuffs”. Toxins, 7, 3512-3537. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7093512
Gromadzka, Karolina; Waśkiewicz, Agnieszka; Goliński, Piotr; Świetlik, Joanna. 2009: “Occurrence of estrogenic mycotoxin – Zearalenone in aqueous environmental samples with various NOM content”. Water Research, 43(4), 1051-1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.042
Gurikar, Chennappa; Shivaprasad, Dp.; Sabillón, Luis; Gowda, Nanje A. N.; Siliveru, Kaliramesh. 2022: “Impact of mycotoxins and their metabolites associated with food grains”. Grain & Oil Science and Technology, 4, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaost.2022.10.001
He, Yuan; Zhang, Bo; Wu, Yili; Ouyang, Jiping; Huang, Mingzhi; Lu, Shaoyou; Sun, Hongwen; Zhang, Tao. 2021: “A pilot nationwide baseline survey on the concentrations of Neonicotinoid insecticides in tap water from China: Implication for human exposure”. Environmental Pollution, 291, 118117. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118117
Hladik, Michelle L.; Calhoun, Daniel L. 2012: “Analysis of the herbicide diuron, three diuron degradates, and six neonicotinoid insecticides in water - Method details and application to two Georgia streams”. Scientific Investigations Report, 1, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20125206
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2002: Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Lyon (France), IARCpress.
Jia, Qunpo; Cai, Yanpeng; Yuan, Xiao; Zhang, Xiaodong; Li, Bowen; Li, Bo. 2023: “Spatial distribution and ecological risks of neonicotinoid insecticides for an urban tidal stream of Guangzhou City, South China”. Ecological Indicators, 146, 109836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109836
Juraschek, Lena M.; Kappenberg, Arne; Amelung, Wulf. 2022: “Mycotoxins in soil and environment”. Science of the Total Environment, 814, 152425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152425
Kang, Hye S.; Kim, Mee K.; Kim, Eun J.; Choe, Won-Jo. 2020: “Determination of 66pesticide residues in livestock products using QuEChERS and GC–MS/MS”. Food Science and Biotechnology, 29, 1573-1586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-020-00798-4
Khoori, Esmat; Hakimzadeh Vahid; Sani, Ali M.; Rashidi Hasan. 2020: “Effect of ozonation, UV light radiation, and pulsed electric field processes on the reduction of total aflatoxin and aflatoxin M1 in acidophilus milk”. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44, 14729. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14729
Klarich, Kathryn L.; Pflug, Nicholas C.; DeWald, Eden M.; Hla¬dik, Michelle L.; Kolpin, Dana W.; Cwiertny, David M.; LeFevre, Gregory H. 2017: “Occurrence of neonicotinoid insecticides in finished drinking water and fate during drinking water treatment”. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 4(5), 168- 173. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.7b00081
Kolpin, Dana W.; Hoerger, Corinne C.; Meyer, Michael T.; Wettstein, Felix E.; Hubbard, Laura E.; Bucheli, Thomas D. 2010: “Phytoestrogens and mycotoxins in Iowa streams: an examina¬tion of underinvestigated compounds in agricultural basins”. Journal Environmental Quality, 39(6), 2089-2099. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0121
Kolpin Dana W.; Schenzel, Judith; Meyer, Michael T.; Phillips, Patrick J.; Hubbard, Laura E.; Scott, Tia-Marie; Bucheli, Thomas D. 2014: “Mycotoxins: Diffuse and point source contributions of natural contaminants of emerging concern to streams”. Science of The Total Environment, 470, 669-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.062
Kruć-Fijałkowska, Roksana; Dragon, Krzysztof; Drożdżyński, Dariusz; Górski, Józef. 2022: “Seasonal variation of pesticides in surface water and drinking water wells in the annual cycle in western Poland, and potential health risk assessment”. Scientific Reports, 12, 3317. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07385-z
Lamers, Marc; Anyusheva, Maria; La, Nguyen; Nguyen, Van V.; Streck, Thilo. 2011: “Pesticide pollution in surface and groundwater by paddy rice cultivation: a case study from northern Vietnam”. Clean Soil Air Water, 39(4), 356-361. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201000268
Lima, José A. M. C.; Labanowski, Jérôme; Bastos, Marília C.; Zanella, Renato; Prestes, Osmar D.; Vargas, Jocelina P. R.; Mondamert, Leslie; Granado, Eugenie; Tiecher, Tales; Zafar, Mohsin; Troian, Alexandre; Guet, Thibaut L.; Santos, Danilo R. 2020: “Modern agriculture transfers many pesticides to watercourses: a case study of a representative rural catchment of southern Brazil”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 10581-10598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06550-8
Mata, Ana T.; Ferreira, João P.; Oliveira, Beatriz R.; Batoréu, Camila; Crespo, Maria T. B., Pereira, Vanessa J.; Bronze, Maria R. 2015: “Bottled water: Analysis of mycotoxins by LC–MS/ MS”. Food Chemistry, 176, 455-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.088
Meyer-Wolfarth, Friederike; Oldenburg, Elisabeth; Meiners, Torsten; Muñoz, Katherine; Schrader, Stefan. 2021: “Effects of temperature and soil fauna on the reduction and leaching of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone from Fusarium graminearum-infected maize stubbles”. Mycotoxin Research, 37, 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-021-00434-y
Mhlongo, Thandazile N.; Ogola, Henry J. O.; Selvarajan, Ramga¬nesh; Sibanda, Timothy; Kamika, Ilunga; Tekere, Memory. 2020: “Occurrence and diversity of waterborne fungi and asso¬ciated mycotoxins in treated drinking water distribution system in South Africa: implications on water quality and public health”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192, 519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08477-x
Michel, Natascha; Freese, Marko; Brinkmann, Markus; Pohlmann, Jan-Dag; Hollert, Henner; Kammann, Ulrike; Haarich, Michael; Theobald, Norbert; Gerwinski, Wolf¬gang; Rotard, Wolfgang D.; Hanel, Reinhold. 2016: “Fipronil and two of its transformation products in water and European eel from the river Elbe”. Science of The Total Environment, 568, 171-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.210
Michelin, Euder C.; Massocco, Marina M.; Godoy, Silvia H. S.; Baldin, Juliana C.; Yasui, George S.; Lima, César G.; Rottinghaus, George E.; Sousa, Ricardo L. M.; Fernandes, Andrezza M. 2016: “Carryover of aflatoxins from feed to lambari fish (Astyanax alti¬paranae) tissues”. Food Additives & Contaminants - Part A, 34(2), 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2016.1266097
Montiel-León, Juan M.; Duy, Sung V.; Muñoz, Gabriel; Amyot, Marc; Sauvé, Sébastien. 2018: “Evaluation of on-line concentration coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of neonicotinoids and fipronil in surface water and tap water”. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 410, 2765-2779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-018-0957-2
Navaratna, Dimuth; Shu, Li; Jegatheesan, Veeriah. 2016: “Evaluation of herbicide (persistent pollutant) removal mechanisms through hybrid membrane bioreactors”. Bioresource Technology, 200, 795-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.041
Picardo, Massimo; Sanchís, Josep; Núñez, Oscar; Farré, Marinella. 2020: “Suspect screening of natural toxins in surface and drinking water by high performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry”. Chemosphere, 261, 127888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127888
Pires, Nilsrael A.; Oliveira, Mauro L. G.; Gonçalves, José A.; Faria, Adriana F. 2021: “Multiclass analytical method for pesticide and mycotoxin analysis in malt, brewers’ spent grain, and beer: development, validation, and application”. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(15), 4533-4541. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07004
Richard, John L. 2007: “Some major mycotoxins and their my¬cotoxicosis”. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119(2), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.019
Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Hyne, Ross V. 2014: “Detection and analysis of neonicotinoids in river waters – Development of a passive sampler for three commonly used insecticides”. Chemosphere, 99, 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.051
Schmidt-Heydt, Markus; Magan, Naresh; Geisen, Rolf. 2008: “Stress induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes by abiotic factors”. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 284(2), 142-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01182.x
Schostag, Morten; Gobbi, Alex; Fini, Mahdi Nikbakht; Ellegaard-Jensen, Lea; Aamand, Jens; Hansen, Lars Hestbjerg; Muff, Jens; Albers, Christian. 2022: “Combining reverse osmosis and microbial degradation for remediation of drinking water contaminated with recalcitrant pesticide residue”. Water Research, 216, 118352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118352
Sibaja, Karen V. M.; Gonçalves, Keven D. M.; Garcia, Sabrina O.; Feltrin, Ana C. P.; Nogueira, Wesclen V.; Badiale-Furlong, Eliana; Garda-Buffon, Jaqueline. 2019: “Aflatoxin M1 and B1 in Colombian milk powder and estimated risk exposure”. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 12(2), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393210.2019.1567611
Song, Le; Pan, Canping; Yang, Juan; Zeng, Sujia; Han, Yongtao. 2020: “Dual-layer column filtration cleanup and gas chro¬matography-tandem mass spectrometry detection for the analysis of 39 pesticide residues in porcine meat”. Journal of Separation Science, 43(7), 1306-1315. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900850
Sraw, Abhishek; Kaur, Taranjeet; Thakur, Ina; Verma, Anoop; Wanchoo, Ravinder K.; Toor, Amrit P. 2022: “Photocatalytic degradation of pesticide monocrotophos in water using W-TiO2 in slurry and fixed bed recirculating reactor”. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1265, 133392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. molstruc.2022.133392
Sultana, Tamanna; Murray, Craig; Kleywegt, Sonya; Metcalfe, Chris D. 2018: “Neonicotinoid pesticides in drinking water in agricultural regions of southern Ontario, Canada”. Chemosphere, 202, 506-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemo-sphere.2018.02.108
Sun, Wenshuo; Han, Zheng; Aerts, Johan; Nie, Dongxia; Jin, Mengtong; Shi, Wen; Zhao, Zhiyong; Saeger, Sarah; Zhao, Yong; Wu, Aibo. 2015: “A reliable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in fresh fish and dried seafoods”. Journal of Chromatography A, 1387, 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.071
Tolosa, Josefa; Fonte, Guillermina; Mañes, Jordi; Ferrer, Emilia. 2017: “Mitigation of enniatins in edible fish tissues by thermal processes and identification of degradation products”. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 101(1), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.039
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Regulations). 2009: National primary drinking water regulations. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-wa-ter-regulations
Wang, Chao-Yi; Yang, Jie; Qin, Jian-Chun; Yang, Ying-Wei. 2021: “Eco-friendly nanoplatforms for crop quality control, protection, and nutrition”. Advanced Science, 8(9), 2004525. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202004525
Waśkiewicz, Agnieszka; Gromadzka, Karolina; Bocianowski, Jan; Pluta, Paulina; Goliński, Piotr. 2012: “Zearalenone contamination of the aquatic environment as a result of its presence in crops”. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 63(4), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2229
WHO (World Health Organization). 2022: Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. Geneva (Switzerland), World Health Organization.
Wu, Changcai; Pan, Shaodong; Shan, Yongpan; Ma, Yajie; Wang, Dan; Song, Xianpeng; Hu, Hongyan; Ren, Xiangliang; Ma, Xi¬aoyan; Cui, Jinjie; Ma, Yan. 2022: “Microplastics mulch film affects the environmental behavior of adsorption and degradation of pesticide residues in soil”. Environmental Research, 214(4), 114133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114133
Yadav, Himanshu; Sankhla, Mahipal S.; Kumar, Rajeev. 2019: “Pesticides-induced carcinogenic & neurotoxic effect on hu¬man”. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 7(5), 243-245. https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2019.07.00288
Yamamoto, Atsushi; Terao, Tomoko; Hisatomi, Hirotaka; Kawasaki, Hideya; Arakawa, Ryuichi. 2012: “Evaluation of river pollution of neonicotinoids in Osaka City (Japan) by LC/MS with dopant-assisted photoionization”. Journal Environmental Monitoring, 14, 2189-2194. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2em30296a
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Wesclen Vilar Nogueira, Juliane Lima da Silva, Ediane Patrícia Pedrosa Braga, Larine Kupski, Jaqueline Garda-Buffon
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© Universidad de Jaén-Seminario Permanente Agua, territorio y medio ambiente-CSIC.
The originals published in the printed and electronic editions of this journal are the property of the University of Jaén and the Seminario Permanente Agua, territorio y medio ambiente (CSIC), as well as the universities that publish specific monographs in Latin America or Europe. The origin must be cited in any partial or total reproduction.
Unless otherwise indicated, all the contents of the electronic edition are distributed under a "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Spain" (CC-by) licence. You can consult from here the informative version and the legal text of the license. This circumstance must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
