«Its Maṭla‘ and Ḫarja are Twofold in Function»: Form and Content in Ibn Quzmān’s «Zajal 59» and «138» / "Maṭla‘ y Ḫarja tienen doble función": forma y contenido en los zéjeles «59» and «138» de Ibn Quzmān

Autores/as

  • James T. Monroe University of California, Berkeley

Palabras clave:

KEYWORDS, Rhetoric, Poetics, Arabic poetry, maṭla‘, ḫarja, zajal poems, Ibn Quzmān / PALABRAS-CLAVE, Retórica, Poética, poesía árabe, jarŷa, zéjeles, Ibn Quzmān

Resumen

SUMMARY. This article begins (1) by briefly con-trasting the goals of those treatises on rhetoric and poetics composed in Greek, Latin and Arabic dur-ing the Ancient and Medieval periods, on the one hand, with the goals of modern, post-Romantic literary criticism, on the other, in order to highlight the fact that pre-modern treatises had, as their main purpose, that of teaching students how to write, and of correcting their mistakes when they did so. As such they were largely prescriptive, and cannot be of much use for the purposes of modern literary criticism, which is largely descriptive and inter-pretative in its approach. Despite this obvious fact, pre-modern methods have often been misapplied, in modern times, to the study of Arabic poetry. (2) The article proceeds to discuss the role and func-tion of the ‘initial refrain’ or maṭla‘ as well as the ‘exit’ or ḫarja in Andalusī-Arabic strophic poetry, pointing out that the function of those two ele-ments is essentially a musical one, and stems from an oral tradition. (3 and 4) Thereafter, the article analyses two zajal poems by the renowned twelfth-century Andalusī-Arab poet Ibn Quzmān. These two poems exhibit an unusual trait: each one makes use of a single, identical text, that is re-peated verbatim at the beginning and end of the poem, both as its maṭla‘ and as its ḫarja. It is sug-gested that this external thematic parallelism fram-ing the poem encloses an internal patterning based on ring composition, an organizational technique of which the poet may well have been consciously aware. (5) The form this patterning takes, however, points to certain ambiguities and contradictions, inviting the reader to interpret the text by penetrat-ing beyond its surface meaning, in order to arrive at its deeper layers of significance. This technique of «allegorical» interpretation is, in turn, based on methods of Qur’ānic interpretation introduced by the Mu‘tazilī school of Islamic theologians, and which had heavily influenced literary authors long before the time of Ibn Quzmān. (6) Finally, it is concluded that, in this instance, the tension be-tween the surface and hidden meaning of the text is a means of allowing the author to adopt a critical stance toward the society in which he lives.

RESUMEN. Este artículo comienza por contrastar brevemente los objetivos de aquellos tratados de poesía y retórica compuestos en griego, latín y árabe durante la Antigüedad y el periodo medieval, por un lado, con los objetivos de la crítica literaria moderna y post-romántica, por otro, para subrayar el hecho de que los tratados premodernos tenían como propósito principal aquel de enseñar a los estudiantes cómo escribir, y corregir sus errores. Como tal, eran mayoritariamente prescriptivos, y no pueden ser de gran utilidad para el propósito de la crítica literaria moderna, que es ampliamente descriptiva e interpretativa en su enfoque. A pesar de este hecho obvio, en la actualidad se han aplicado erróneamente métodos premodernos en el estudio de la poesía árabe. Este artículo prosigue discutiendo el papel y la función del ‘estribillo inicial’ o maṭla‘ así como la ‘salida’ o jarŷa en la poesía estrófica arábigo-andalusí, señalando que la función de estos dos elementos es esencialmente musical, pues surge de la tradición oral. A partir de aquí, el artículo analiza dos zéjeles del ilustre poe-ta arábigo-andalusí Ibn Quzmān. Estos poemas muestran un rasgo inusual: cada uno se vale de un único e idéntico texto, que se repite textualmente al comienzo y al final del poema, ambos como su maṭla‘ y como su jarŷa. Se sugiere, por tanto, que este paralelismo temático que enmarca el poema encierra un patrón interno basado en la composi-ción circular, una técnica organizativa de la cual el poeta bien podría haber sido consciente. La forma que toma este patrón, no obstante, presenta ciertas ambigüedades y contradicciones, invitando al lector a interpretar el texto introduciéndose más allá de la superficie de su significado, para alcan-zar las capas más profundas de su mensaje. Esta técnica de interpretación alegórica está, asimismo, basada en los métodos de interpretación del Al-corán introducidos por la escuela Mu‘tazilī de teólogos islámicos, que había influido a diversos autores mucho antes del tiempo de Ibn Quzmān. Finalmente, se concluye que, en este caso, la ten-sión entre la superficie y el significado oculto del texto permite al autor adoptar una postura crítica ante la sociedad en la que vive.

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Publicado

2012-07-15

Cómo citar

Monroe, J. T. (2012). «Its Maṭla‘ and Ḫarja are Twofold in Function»: Form and Content in Ibn Quzmān’s «Zajal 59» and «138» / "Maṭla‘ y Ḫarja tienen doble función": forma y contenido en los zéjeles «59» and «138» de Ibn Quzmān. Boletín De Literatura Oral, 1, 14-39. https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/blo/article/view/676