Wastewater Treatment and Use of Reclaimed Water: A Descriptive Analysis of The Case of The Province of Jaén
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/at.17.4988Keywords:
Wastewater, Reuse, Treatment, European Union, JaénAbstract
In 1991, Directive 91/271/EEC was approved, requiring that urban wastewater from EU countries be treated before being discharged, favoring its reuse. The exploratory analysis carried out allows us to affirm there are municipalities in Europe that do not treat sewage or do it incorrectly twenty-six years after the approval of this norm. A reality that negatively influences the ecological and chemical state of water resources, natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Jaen, a province in southern Spain, with 64 urban centers forced to purify sewage, presents a high deficit in the purification capacity in 2017, with the volume of reused water being practically null. A situation that influences the conditions of the natural hydrological environment of the province.
Downloads
References
AEAS. 2017: Informe sobre Aguas Residuales en España. Asociación Española de Abastecimiento de Agua y Saneamiento. Madrid (España), AEAS.
Alianza por el Agua. 2003: Manual de depuración de aguas residuales urbanas. http://alianzaporelagua.org/documentos/MONOGRAFICO3.pdf. Consulta realizada el 15 de julio de 2018.
Araque Jiménez, E.; Gallego Simón, V. J. y Sánchez Martínez, J. D. 2002: “El olivar regado en la provincia de Jaén”. Investigaciones Geográficas, 28, 5-32. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2002.28.03
Ayuntamiento de Jaén. 2013: Plan General de Ordenación Urbanística. V Estudio de impacto ambiental. El ciclo integral del agua. Jaén (España), Ayuntamiento de Jaén.
Berbel, J. y Expósito, A. 2006: “Análisis del coste del servicio de abastecimiento urbano de agua en la Demarcación del Guadalquivir”. Revista de Estudios Regionales, 76, 161-183. http://www.revistaestudiosregionales.com/documentos/articulos/pdf844.pdf
Collins, R. & Kristensen, P. & Thyssen, N. 2009: Water Resources across Europe—Confronting Water Scarcity and Drought. European Environmental Agency (EEA Report series. N. 2/2009). Copenhagen (Denmark). https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/water-resources-across-europe
Comisión Europea. 2017: Informe de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones. Noveno informe sobre el estado de ejecución y los programas para la aplicación (conforme al artículo 17) de la Directiva 91/271/CEE del Consejo sobre el tratamiento de las aguas residuales urbanas, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0749&from=ES. Consultado el 10 de mayo de 2018.
Diputación Provincial de Jaén. 2003: Ciclo integral del agua. Abastecimiento, tratamiento y distribución de agua potable; consumo de agua potable; red de alcantarillado y depuración de aguas. Jaén (España), Diputación Provincial de Jaén.
EEA. 2017: Data and Maps, https://www.eea.europa.eu/es. Consultado el 11 de mayo de 2018.
Expósito, A. & Berbel, J. 2017: “Why is water pricing ineffective for deficit irrigation schemes? A case study in southern Spain”. Water Resources Management, 31, 1047–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1563-8
Gallego Valero, L. & Moral Pajares, E. & Román Sánchez, I. 2018: “The tax burden on wastewater and the protection of water ecosystems in EU countries”. Sustainability, 10 (1), 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010212
Gallego-Valero, L. & Moral-Pajares, E. & Román-Sánchez, I. M. 2019: “Crop production and irrigation: deciding factors of wastewater reuse in Spain?”. Desalination and Water Treatment, 150, 91-98. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23618
García, X. & Pargament, D. 2015: “Reusing wastewater to cope with water scarcity: economic, social and environmental considerations for decision-making”. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 101, 154-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.015
Gharbia, S. S. & Aish, A. & Abushbak, T. & Qishawi, G. & Al-Shawa, I. & Gharbia, A. & Pilla, F. 2016: “Evaluation of wastewater post-treatment options for reuse purposes in the agricultural sector under rural development conditions”. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 9, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2015.12.003
Hochstrat, R. & Wintgens, T. & Kazner, C. & Jeffrey, P. & Jefferson, B. & Melin, T. 2010: “Managed aquifer recharge with reclaimed water: approaches to a European guidance framework”. Water Science and Technology, 62 (6), 1265-1273. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.386
INE, 2018. Indicadores sobre el agua, http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Tabla.htm?path=/t26/p069/p03/serie/l0/&file=01001.px&L=0. Consultado el 23 de abril de 2018.
Kalavrouziotis, I.K. & Kookkinos, P. & Oron, G. & Fatone, F. & Bolzonella, D. & Vatyliotou, M., et al., 2013: “Current status in wastewater treatment, reuse and research in some Mediterranean countries”. Desalination and Water Treatment, 53 (8), 2015-2030. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.860632
Lazarova V. & Levine, B. & Sack, J. & Cirelli, G. & Jeffrey, P. & Muntau, H. & Brissaud, F. 2001: “Role of water reuse for enhancing integrated water management in Europe and Mediterranean countries”. Water Science and Technology, 43 (10), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0571
Llamas, R. L.; Aldaya, M.; Garrido, A. y López, E. 2009: “Soluciones para la escasez del agua en España y su aplicación a otras regiones”. Revista de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 103 (1), 41-54.
Melgarejo, J. 2009: “Efectos ambientales y económicos de la reutilización del agua en España”. Clm.Economía, 15, 245-270. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19336667.pdf
Melian-Navarro, A. M. y Fernández-Zamudio, M. A. 2016: “Reutilización de agua para la agricultura y el medioambiente”. Agua y Territorio, (8), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v0i8.3298
Miller, G. W. 2006: “Integrated concepts in water reuse: managing global water needs”. Desalination, 187 (1), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.068
Molinos-Senante, M. & Hernández-Sancho, F. & Sala-Garrido, R. 2010: “Economic feasibility study for wastewater treatment: A cost–benefit analysis”. Science of the Total Environment, 408, 4396–4402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.014
Pedrero, F. & Kalavrouziotis, I. & Alarcón, J. J. & Koukoulakis, P. & Asano, T. 2010: “Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece”. Agricultural Water Management, 97 (9), 1233-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.003
Pedro-Monzonís, M. & Solera, A. & Ferrer, J. & Estrela, T. & Paredes-Arquiola, J. A. 2015: “Review of water scarcity and drought indexes in water resources planning and management”. Journal of Hydrology, 2015, 527, 482–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.05.003
Ruiz-Rosa, I. & García-Rodríguez, F. J. & Mendoza-Jiménez, J. 2016: “Development and application of a cost management model for wastewater treatment and reuse processes”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 113, 299-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.044
Sánchez Martínez, J. D. y Ortega Ruiz, A. 2016: “El monocultivo olivarero jiennense: conformación histórica, valores patrimoniales y proyección cultural-turística”. Cuadernos de Turismo, 37, 377-402. https://doi.org/10.6018/turismo.37.256281
Sánchez, J. D.; Gallego, V. J. G. y Araque, E. 2011: “El olivar andaluz y sus transformaciones recientes”. Estudios Geográficos, 72 (270), 203-229. https://doi.org/10.3989/estgeogr.201109
Schewe, J. & Heinke, J. & Gerten, D. & Haddelandc, I. & Arnelld, N. W. & Clarke, D. B. & Dankersf, R. & Eisnerg, S. & Feketeh, B. M. & Colón-Gonzálezi, F. J. 2014: “Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 3245–3250. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222460110
Wilcox, J. & Nasiri, F. & Bell, S. & Rahaman, M. S. 2016: “Urban water reuse: A triple bottom line assessment framework and review”. Sustainable Cities and Society, 27, 448-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.021
Winpenny, J.; Heinz, I. y Koo-Oshima, S. 2013: “Reutilización del agua en la agricultura: ¿Beneficios para todos?”, Informe sobre temas hídricos de la FAO, 35. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i1629s.pdf
World Resources Institute. 2007: https://www.wri.org/ Consultado el 1 de febrero de 2019.
Published
Issue
Section
License
© Universidad de Jaén-Seminario Permanente Agua, territorio y medio ambiente-CSIC.
The originals published in the printed and electronic editions of this journal are the property of the University of Jaén and the Seminario Permanente Agua, territorio y medio ambiente (CSIC), as well as the universities that publish specific monographs in Latin America or Europe. The origin must be cited in any partial or total reproduction.
Unless otherwise indicated, all the contents of the electronic edition are distributed under a "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Spain" (CC-by) licence. You can consult from here the informative version and the legal text of the license. This circumstance must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.