Confiança e gestão da poluição no Lago Villarrica, Chile
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/at.26.8241Palavras-chave:
Confiança, Riscos, Gestão, Poluição, Lago VillarricaResumo
Este artigo examina a confiança na gestão da poluição no Lago Villarrica, localizado em La Araucanía, Chile. Foram realizadas vinte e quatro entrevistas semi-estruturadas com actores de três sectores: governo local e regional, sociedade civil e empresas privadas. Os resultados mostram que tanto a confiança como a desconfiança estão relacionadas com a má gestão do lago pelas instituições públicas e com a responsabilidade das indústrias poluentes presentes nesta região. Há pouca preocupação com os afectados em favor de interesses políticos e privados, falta de transparência da informação, pouca confiança no cumprimento dos compromissos assumidos pelo quadro institucional e a necessidade de um maior envolvimento dos afectados na resolução dos problemas decorrentes da poluição deste ecossistema. Conclui-se que a falta de confiança entre os actores envolvidos na gestão do risco impede a resolução do problema, apesar das possibilidades de melhorar o estado do lago trabalhando a dimensão afectiva da confiança.
Downloads
Referências
Abbas, Farhat; Al-Naemi, Salem; Farooque, Aitazaz; Phillips, Michael. 2023: “A review on the water dimensions, security, and governance for two distinct regions”. Water, 15 (1), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010208
Acreman, Michael; Hughes, Kathy; Arthington, Angela; Tickner, David; Dueñas, Manuel Ángel. 2019: “Protected areas and freshwater biodiversity: A novel systematic review distils eight lessons for effective conservation”. Conservation Letters, 13 (1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12684
Adonadaga, Melvin; Ampadu, Boateng; Ampofo, Steve; Adiali, Freda. 2022: “Climate change adaptation strategies towards reducing vulnerability to drought in northern Ghana”. European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences, 3 (4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejgeo.2022.3.4.294
Almakaeva, Anna; Welzel, Christian; Ponarin, Eduard. 2018: “Human empowerment and trust in strangers: The multilevel evidence”. Social Indicators Research, 139 (3), 923-962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1724-z
Ames, April; Steiner, Victoria; Liebold, Erin; Milz, Sheryl; Eitniear, Samantha. 2019: “Perceptions of water-related environmental concerns in Northwest Ohio one year after a Lake Erie harmful algal bloom”. Environmental Management, 64 (6), 689-700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01217-z
Archundia, Denisse; Duwig, Celine; Spadini, Lorenzo; Uzu, Gaelle; Guédron, Stephane; Morel, Marie Christine; et al. 2017: “How uncontrolled urban expansion increases the contamination of the Titicaca Lake basin (El Alto, La Paz, Bolivia)”. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 228 (44), 0-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-016-3217-0
Bardin, Laurence. 1996: Análisis de contenido. Madrid, Akal.
Beck, Ulrich. 2008: La sociedad del riesgo mundial. En busca de la seguridad perdida. Barcelona, Paidos.
Brummans, Boris; Putnam, Linda; Gray, Barbara; Hanke, Ralph; Lewicki, Roy; Wiethoff, Carolyn. 2008: “Making sense of intractable multiparty conflict: A study of framing in four environmental disputes”. Communication Monographs, 75 (1), 25-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750801952735
Brundtland, Gro Harlem. 1989: “Global change and our common future”. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 31 (5), 16-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1989.9928941
Bruning, Mariana. 2018: Estudio de aporte de carga de nutrientes y análisis de escenarios de descontaminación mediante un modelo de calidad de aguas en el Lago Villarrica. Santiago (Chile), Universidad de Chile.
Bulloch, Sarah. 2013: “Seeking construct validity in interpersonal trust research: A proposal on linking theory and survey measures”. Social Indicators Research, 113 (3), 1289-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0139-0
Campbell, Marcia. 2003: “Intractability in environmental disputes: Exploring a complex construct”. Journal of Planning Literature, 17 (3), 360-371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412202239138
Cisterna, Pedro; Careau, Jaime. 2016: Propuesta de un sistema de depuración natural para tratar las aguas residuales de la comuna de Curarrehue. Concepción, Universidad del Bío-Bío.
Cooke, Dennis. 2007: “History of eutrophic lake rehabilitation in North America with arguments for including social sciences in the paradigm”. Lake and Reservoir Management, 23 (4), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/07438140709354021
Derkzen, Marthe; Nagendra, Harini; Van Teeffelen, Astrid; Purushotham, Anusha; Verburg, Peter. 2017: “Shifts in ecosystem services in deprived urban areas”. Ecology and Society, 22 (1). http://www.jstor.org.iue.basesdedatosezproxy.com/stable/26270102
Elgueta, Sebastián; Gómez, Jorge; de la Maza, Cristóbal. 2011: Análisis general de impacto económico y social del anteproyecto de normas secundarias de calidad ambiental para la protección de las aguas del Lago Villarrica. Santiago (Chile). Min-isterio del Medio Ambiente.
Errázuriz, Ana María; Cereceda, Pilar. 2020: Atlas universal y de Chile regionalizado. Santiago (Chile), Zig-Zag.
Espluga, Josep; Prades, Ana; Gamero, Nuria; Solá, Rosario. 2009: “El papel de la ‘confianza’ en los conflictos socioambientales”. Política y Sociedad, 46 (1), 255-273. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/POSO/article/view/POSO0909130255A
Fitzmaurice, Malgosia. 2021: “Biodiversity and climate change”. International Community Law Review, 23 (2-3), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341473
Flick, Uwe. 2004: Introducción a la investigación cualitativa. Madrid, Morata.
Flitcroft, Rebecca; Cooperman, Michael; Harrison, Ian; Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Boon, Philip. 2019: “Theory and practice to conserve freshwater biodiversity in the Anthropocene”. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29 (7), 1013-1021. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3187
Garcia Fonseca, Tanya; Carazo Vargas, Eva. 2020: “Ambigüedad institucional y normativa en la gestión y garantía del derecho humano al agua en Costa Rica: ¿agua para quién?” Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 15, 13-20. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.15.4646
Graham, Neal; Hejazi, Mohamad; Chen, Min; Davies, Evan; Edmonds, James; Kim, Son; Turner, Sean; et al. 2020: “Humans drive future water scarcity changes across all shared socioeconomic pathways”. Environmental Research Letters, 15(1), 014007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab639b
Gross, Catharine; Hagy, James. 2017: “Attributes of successful actions to restore lakes and estuaries degraded by nutrient pollution”. Journal of Environmental Management 187, 122-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.018
Guo, Tian; Gill, Devin; Johengen, Thomas; Cardinale, Bradley. 2019: “What determines the public’s support for water quality regulations to mitigate agricultural runoff?” Environmental Science and Policy, 101, 323-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.09.008
Hackett, Rachel; Babos, Heidi; Collins, Erin; Horton, Dean; Schock, Neil; Schoen, Lee. 2017: “Researcher disciplines and the assessment techniques used to evaluate Laurentian Great Lakes coastal ecosystems”. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 43 (1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2016.11.008
Hajer, Maarten. 1997: The politics of environmental discourse: Ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/019829333X.001.0001
Host, George; Kovalenko, Katya; Brown, Terry; Ciborowski, Jan; Johnson, Lucinda. 2019: “Risk-based classification and interactive map of watersheds contributing anthropogenic stress to Laurentian Great Lakes coastal ecosystems”. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 45 (3), 609-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2019.03.008
Hsieh, Hsiu Fang; Shannon, Sarah. 2005: “Three approaches to qualitative content analysis”. Qualitative Health Research, 15 (9), 1277-1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Huang, Ronggui. 2016: RQDA: R-based qualitative data analysis. http://rqda.r-forge.r-project.org/
Iglesias, María José. 2018: Informe técnico de cumplimiento de normas de calidad del agua: Norma secundaria de calidad ambiental para la protección de las aguas continentales superficiales del Lago Villarrica. Santiago (Chile), Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente.
Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos. 2015: Derechos humanos y conflicto intercultural: Una aproximación desde el testimonio de propietarios y agricultores no indígenas de La Araucanía. Santiago (Chile). https://bibliotecadigital.indh.cl/bitstream/handle/123456789/938/estudio.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático. 2018: Evaluación de servicios ecosistémicos y de riesgos por cambio climático en cuencas hidrográficas de Chile y México. Ciudad de México.
Kamjunke, Norbert; Nimptsch, Jorge; Harir, Mourad; Herzsprung, Peter; Schmitt-Kopplin, Philippe; Neu, Thomas; Graeber, Daniel; Osorio, Sebastian; Valenzuela, Jose; Reyes, Juan Carlos; Woelfl, Stefan; Hertkorn, Norbert. 2017: “Land-based salmon aquacultures change the quality and bacterial degradation of riverine dissolved organic matter”. Scientific Reports, 7, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43739
Karthe, Daniel; Chalov, Sergey; Borchardt, Dietrich. 2015: “Water resources and their management in Central Asia in the early twenty-first century: Status, challenges and future prospects”. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(2), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1
Li, Yue Peng; Liu, Hai Yan; Wang, Li Li. 2017: “Research review on the treatment of urban landscape lakes”. Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering, 5 (2), 152-161.
Luhmann, Niklas. 1996: Confianza. Barcelona, Anthropos.
Luhmann, Niklas. 2012: “¿Puede la sociedad moderna evitar los peligros ecológicos?” Argumentos 69, 81-97.
Majluf, Nicolás; Abarca, Nureya; Mingo, Santiago. 2003: La confianza en la empresa. Santiago (Chile), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Makanda, Koleka; Nzama, Stanley; Kanyerere, Thokozani. 2022: “Assessing the role of water resources protection practice for sustainable water resources management: A review”. Water, 14(19), 3153. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193153
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. 2017: Decreto 43: Declara zona saturada por clorofila “A”, transparencia y fósforo disuelto, a la cuenca del Lago Villarrica. Santiago (Chile). http://bcn.cl/2fhxx
Norcontrol Chile S.A.; División de Medio Ambiente y Prevención de Riesgos Laborales. 2009: Antecedentes para el análisis general de impacto económico y social de la norma secundaria del Lago Villarrica. Santiago (Chile), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
OLCA. 2022: Agua. https://olca.cl/oca/enlista02.php?pagn=0&c_sel=4&b_op=04000000&b_dt=54
Ortega Bravo, Juan Carlos; Nistal Beleña, Mercedes; Martínez Pérez, Catalina; Abarzúa Gatica, Karla Victoria; Rubilar Rocha, Francisco. 2019: Análisis y evaluación de medidas de reducción de nutrientes (nitrógeno y fósforo) para incorporar al Plan de Descontaminación del Lago Villarrica. Temuco (Chile), Universidad de La Frontera.
Panez-Pinto, Alexander; Faúndez-Vergara, Rodrigo; Mansilla-Quiñones, Camilo. 2017: “Politización de la crisis hídrica en Chile: Análisis del conflicto por el agua en la provincia de Petorca”. Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 10, 131-148. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.10.3614
Patton, Michael. 1990: Qualitative evaluation and research methods. London, Sage.
Patton, Michael. 2002: How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. California, Sage.
Pham, Huy; Ramiah, Vikash; Moosa, Imad. 2020: “The effects of environmental regulation on the stock market: The French experience”. Accounting and Finance, 60(4), 3279-3304. https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12469
Quesada, Francisco; Rubio, Eduardo; Cheuquepán, Pablo; Rivera, Ninoska; Bello, Benjamín; Olate, Cecilia; Durán, Víctor. 2018: Tercer informe monitoreo ciudadano Lago Villarrica Estación Litoral Villarrica, Proyecto Vigilancia Local Lacustre. Pucón (Chile), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
Reid, Andrea; Carlson, Andrew; Creed, Irena; Eliason, Erika; Gell, Peter; Johnson, Pieter; Kidd, Karen; MacCormack, Tyson J.; Olden, Julian D.; Ormerod, Steve J.; Smol, John P.; Taylor, William W.; Tockner, Klement; Vermaire, Jesse C.; Dudgeon, David; Cooke, Steven J. 2019: “Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity”. Biological Reviews, 94(3), 849-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12480
Rivadeneira-Tassara, Benjamín; Valdés-González, Héctor; Fúnez-Guerra, Carlos; Reyes-Bozo, Lorenzo. 2022: “A conceptual model considering multiple agents for water manage¬ment”. Water, 14(13), 2093. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132093
Rodríguez, Darío; Majluf, Nicolás. 2003: La confianza en Chile: Sus dificultades y posibilidades. Santiago (Chile), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
Rodriguez, Hannot. 2009: “La confianza pública en las instituciones reguladoras del riesgo: Tres modelos de confianza para tres desafíos del análisis del riesgo”. Argumentos de Razón Técnica, 12, 125-153.
Rojos, Sandra; Arteaga, Horacio; Klein, Rick; Harris, Nicole; Durán, Víctor. 2018: Tercer informe monitoreo ciudadano Lago Villarrica Estación Litoral La Poza, Proyecto Vigilancia Local Lacustre. Pucón, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
Salazar, Gonzalo; Fonck, Martín; Vergara, Luis. 2018: “Ciudades intermedias: Dinámicas de intermediación desde la noción de lugar. El caso de la Región de La Araucanía, Chile”. Revista de Geografia Norte Grande, 70, 109-130. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-34022018000200109
Sepúlveda, Elizabeth. 2017: Informe técnico de cumplimiento de normas de calidad del agua. Santiago (Chile), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.
Shayanmehr, Samira; Porhajašová, Jana; Babošová, Mária; Sabouni, Mahmood; Mohammadi, Hosein; Henneberry, Shida; Foroushani, Naser. 2022: “The impacts of climate change on water resources and crop production in an arid region”. Agriculture, 12 (7), 1056. https://doi.org/10.3390/agricult ure12071056
Song, Andrew; Temby, Owen; Kim, Dongkyu; Saavedra Cisne¬ros, Ángel; Hickey, Gordon. 2019: “Measuring, mapping and quantifying the effects of trust and informal communication on transboundary collaboration in the Great Lakes fisheries policy network”. Global Environmental Change, 54, 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.11.001
Sterner, Robert; Ostrom, Peggy; Ostrom, Nathaniel; Klump, Val; Steinman, Alan; Dreelin, Erin; Vander Zanden, Jake; Fisk, Aaron. 2017: “Grand challenges for research in the Laurentian Great Lakes”. Limnology and Oceanography, 62(6), 2510-2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10585
Strauss, Anselm; Corbin, Juliet. 2002: Bases de la investigación cualitativa. Técnicas y procedimientos para desarrollar la teoría fundamentada. Medellín, Universidad de Antioquía.
Tironi, Manuel; Pirkovic, Trajan. 2017: “Conflictos energéti¬cos en Chile”. Documento de trabajo NUMIES. Santiago (Chile). https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Catastro_de_Conflictos_Energ_ticos_en_Chile/4887017
Universidad de La Frontera. 2018: Determinación de las concentraciones de nutrientes en los principales afluentes al Lago Villarrica: Estimación de su carga y propuesta de medidas para su reducción. Temuco (Chile), Universidad de La Frontera.
Vallejos-Romero, Arturo. 2012: “La relevancia de la confianza institucional y la comunicación en la percepción y construcción social de riesgos”. Perfiles Latinoamericanos, 39, 151-176.
Vallejos-Romero, Arturo; Boso, Alex; Zunino, Hugo. 2016: “La relevancia de la confianza en conflictos socioambientales por energía en Chile: Los casos de ‘Castilla’ e ‘Hidroaysén’”. Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, 63, 145-162. http://doi.org/10.4067/ S0718-34022016000100009
Valles, Miguel. 2007: Entrevistas cualitativas. Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Vergara, Gonzalo; Ibarra, José Tomás. 2019: “Paisajes en tran¬sición: Gradientes urbano-rurales y antropización del bosque templado andino del sur de Chile”. Revista de Geografia Norte Grande, 73, 93-111. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-3402201 9000200093
Wang, Qizhen; Wang, Shengyuan. 2022: “The impact of environmental regulation on water resources utilization efficiency”. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1022929. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1022929
Wattigney, Wendy; Irvin-Barnwell, Elizabeth; Li, Zheng; Davis, Sthephanie; Manente, Susan; Maqsood, Junaid; Scher, Deanna; Messing, Rita; Schuldt, Nancy; Hwang, Syni-An; Aldous, Kenneth M.; Lewis-Michl, Elizabeth L.; Ragin-Wilsin, Angela. 2019: “Biomonitoring programs in Michigan, Minnesota and New York to assess human exposure to great lakes contaminants”. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 222 (1), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.08.012
Wijesekera, Sohan. 2020: “Multi criteria water allocation modelling to demonstrate the need of a comprehensive water policy for Sri Lanka”. Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, 53 (4), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v53i4.7429
Yan, Kai; Yuan, Zengwei; Goldberg, Stefanie; Gao, Wei; Ostermann, Anne; Xu, Jianchu; Zhang, Fusuo; Elser, James. 2019: “Phosphorus mitigation remains critical in water protection: A review and meta-analysis from one of China’s most eutrophicated lakes”. Science of the Total Environment, 689(132), 1336-1347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.302
Zhao, Jian; Gao, Qiusheng; Liu, Qingqing; Fu, Guo. 2020: “Lake eutrophication recovery trajectories: Some recent find¬ings and challenges ahead”. Ecological Indicators, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105878
Zhong, Shaozhuo; Geng, Yong; Qian, Yiying; Chen, Wei; Pan, Hengyu. 2019: “Analyzing ecosystem services of freshwater lakes and their driving forces: The case of Erhai Lake, China”. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (10), 10219-10229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04476-9
Zhu, Di; Liu, Chang; Dong, Yong; Hua, Junguo. 2022: “The effect of environmental regulation on corporate environmental governance behavior and its mechanisms”. Sustainability, 14(15), 9050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159050
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Arturo Vallejos-Romero, Felipe Sáez Ardura, Ignacio Rodríguez, César Cisternas, Minerva Cordovés-Sánchez, Antonio Aledo Tur, Alex Boso, Jordi Prades Tena
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© Universidad de Jaén-Seminario Permanente Agua, territorio y medio ambiente-CSIC.
Os originais publicados nas edições impressa e eletrônica desta Revista são propriedade da Universidade de Jaén e do Seminário Permanente Água, Território e Meio Ambiente (CSIC), assim como das Universidades que publicam monografias específicas na América Latina ou Europa. A origem deve ser citada em qualquer reprodução parcial ou total.
Salvo indicação em contrário, todo o conteúdo da edição eletrônica é distribuído sob uma licença "Creative Commons Attribution Spain" (CC-by). Você pode consultar daqui a versão informativa e o texto legal da licença. Esta circunstância deve ser expressamente declarada desta forma quando necessário.
