Inadequações do sistema de saneamento convencional e os obstáculos que enfrentam as alternativas tecnológicas disponíveis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17561/at.30.8569Palavras-chave:
Sistemas de saneamento, Água, Recursos hídricos, Ciência tecnologia e sociedadeResumo
Este artigo propõe uma abordagem crítica ao sistema de saneamento que atualmente é considerado convencional. São analisadas suas características distintivas e as condições históricas e culturais presentes no momento do seu surgimento e que o definem até hoje, também são apontados sinais de inadequação ao contexto atual. Sugere-se que tal sistema apresenta uma dependência de trajetória, determinada por decisões tomadas em períodos anteriores, o que configura um aprisionamento tecnológico, no qual o sistema não é questionado nos seus critérios básicos e as potenciais alternativas técnicas são desacreditadas. Especificamente, o uso intensivo de água, a dependência com relação a dito recurso e a centralização das infraestruturas são assuntos que não são problematizados por causa precisamente da predominância do sistema convencional.
Downloads
Referências
Arman, Nor Zaiha; Salmiati, Salmiati; Aris, Azmi; Salim, Mohd Razman; Nazifa, Tasnia Hassan; Muhamad, Mimi Suliza; Marpongahtun, Marpongahtun. 2021: A Review on Emerging Pollutants in the Water Environment: Existences, Health Effects and Treatment Processes. Water, 13(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13223258
Black, Maggie. 2008: The experience of the first sanitary revolution: Are there lessons for today's global sanitation crisis? Waterlines, 27(1), 62-70. https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2008.006
Black, Maggie; Fawcett, Ben. 2008: The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis. London (United Kingdom), Earthscan.
Burton, Jasmine; Patel, Devika; Landry, Grace; Anderson, Sarah M; Rary, Emma. 2021: Failure of the “Gold Standard: The Role of a Mixed Methods Research Toolkit and Human-Centered Design in Transformative WASH. Environ Health Insights. 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302211018391
Canaday, Chris. 2018: Why wet sanitation is washed up, while dry is high and dry. Inodoroseco. http://inodoroseco.blogspot.com/
Cosgrove, John Joseph. 1909: History of sanitation. Pittsburgh (United States), Standard sanitary mfg. Co.
Davison, Karen. 2001: The sit-down flush toilet revisited, master's thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary (Canadá).
De Decker, Kris. 2010: Recycling animal and human dung is the key to sustainable farming. Low-Tech Magazine. https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/09/recycling-animal-and-human-dung-is-the-key-to-sustainable-farming.html
De Gisi, Sabino; Petta, Luigi; Wendland, Claudia. 2014: History and Technology of Terra Preta Sanitation. Sustainability, 6(3), 1328-1345. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6031328
Deblonde, Tiphanie; Cossu-Leguille, Carol; Hartermann, Philippe. 2011: Emerging pollutants in wastewater: a review of the literature. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 214(6), 442-448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.08.002
Devkota, Govinda Prasad; Pandey, Manoj; Maharjan, Shyam Krishna. 2020: “Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: A Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and its Transformation”. European Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2(3), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v2i3.151
Dingle, Tony. 2008: The Life and Times of the Chadwickian Solution, in Troy, Patrick (Ed.), Troubled Waters: Confronting the Water Crisis in Australia’s Cities. Canberra (Australia), ANU Press. http://doi.org/10.22459/TW.06.2008
Dreibelbis, Robert; Winch, Peter J; Leontsini, Elli; Hulland, Kristyna RS; Ram, Pavani K; Unicomb, Leanne; Luby, Stephen P. 2013: The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health. 13, 1015. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1015
Forty, Adrian. 1986: Objects of Desire, Design and Society 1750- 1980. London (United Kingdom), Thames and Hudson.
Ganiron, Tomas. 2015: Measuring Levels of End-Users' Acceptance and Use of UDDT. International Journal of u- and e- Service, Science and Technology, (8)77-88. https://doi.org/10.14257/ijunesst.2015.8.3.07
Gastelaars, Marja. 1996: The water closet: Public and private meanings. Science as Culture, 5(4), 483-505. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505439609526444
Geels, Frank. 2005: Co-evolution of technology and society: The transition in water supply and personal hygiene in the Netherlands (1850-1930) a case study in multi-level perspective. Technology in Society, 27(3), 363-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.04.008
Harpin, Danny. 30 de junio 2023: Thames Water crisis 'will not derail' opening of London's new super sewer. My London News. https://www.mylondon.news/news/thames-water-crisis-will-not-27228192
Horan, L. Julie. 1996: The Porcelain God: A Social History of the Toilet. New Jersey (United States), Carol Pub Group.
Hoy, Suellen. 1995: Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness. New York (United States), Oxford University Press.
Ibañez, Martin Rebeca. 2020: “El monstruo de las toallitas”: relacionalidad material en el Antropoceno. Politica y Sociedad, 57(2), 375-393. https://doi.org/10.5209/poso.66449
Illich, Ivan. 1986: H2O and the Waters of Forgetfulness. New York (United States), Marion Boyars.
Kira, Alexander. 1976: The Bathroom. New York (United States), Viking Press.
Körner, Wolfgang; Spengler, Peter; Bolz, Ulrike; Schuller Winfried; Hanf, Volker; Metzger, Jörg W. 2001: Substances with estrogenic activity in effluents of sewage treatment plants in southwestern Germany. Biological analysis. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 20(10), 2142-2151. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620201002
Krantz, Helena. 2012: Water Systems Meeting Everyday Life: A Conceptual Model of Household Use of Urban Water and Sanitation Systems. Public Works Management & Policy, 17(1), 103- 119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X11415285
Latour, Bruno. 1988: The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge (United Kingdom), Harvard University Press.
Lofrano, Giusy; Brown, Jeanette. 2010: Wastewater management through the ages: A history of mankind. The Science of the Total Environment, 408(22), 5254-5264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.062
Lupton, Ellen; Miller, Abott. 1992: The Bathroom, the Kitchen, and the Aesthetics of Waste: A Process of Elimination. Princeton (United Kingdom), Architectural Press and List Visual Arts Center.
Lüthi, Christoph; Morel, Antoine; Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas. 2011: Community-Led Urban environmental sanitation planning: CLUES - Complete guidelines for decision-makers with 30 tools. Zurich (Switzerland), Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG).
Melosi, Martin. 2000: The Sanitary City: Urban Infrastructure in America from Colonial Times to the Present. Baltimore (United States), Johns Hopkins University Press.
Melosi, Martin V. 2005: Path Dependence and Urban History: Is a Marriage Possible? en Schott, Dieter; Luckin, Bill; Massard- Guilbaud, Geneviève. (Eds.), Resources of the City: Contributions to an Environmental History of Modern Europe. Hampshire (England), Ashgate, 262-275.
Paterson, Charlotte; Mara, Duncan; Curtis, Tom. 2007: Pro-poor sanitation technologies. Geoforum, 38(5), 901-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.08.006
Penner, Barbara. 2014: The Prince's water closet: sewer gas and the city. The Journal of Architecture, 19(2), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2014.908589
Prats-Rico, Daniel. 2016: La reutilización de aguas depuradas regeneradas a escala mundial: análisis y prospectivas. Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 8, 10-21. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v0i8.3292.
Quiñones, Yago. 2023: El sistema de saneamiento convencional y la escasez global de agua. Uso irracional de los recursos versus sistemas secos y circulares. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad, 18, 173-194. https://doi.org/10.52712/issn.1850-0013-403
Quiñones, Yago. 2024: A água no sistema de saneamento convencional. o processo histórico de consolidação de uma solução atualmente inadequada. Revista Brasileira de História da Ciência”, 17, 23-45. https://doi.org/10.53727/rbhc.v17i1.966
Quitzau, Maj-Britt. 2004: Changing ideas of bodily cleanliness, en Urban infrastructure in Transition: What can we learn from history?, 6th International Summer Academy on Technology Studies, Deutschlandsberg (Austria), 5 mayo 2004.
Quitzau, Maj-Britt. 2007: Water-flushing toilets: Systemic development and path-dependent characteristics and their bearing on technological alternatives. Technology in Society, 29(3), 351- 360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2007.04.005
Roccaro, Paolo; Santamaria, Antonella; Vagliasindi, Federico. 2014: Historical development of sanitation from the 19th century to nowadays: Centralized vs decentralized wastewater management systems, en Angelakis, Andreas; Rose Joan. B. (Orgs.), Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries. London (United Kingdom), IWA Publishing, 437-456.
Rodriguez, U-Primo; Hutton, Guy; Boatman, Alan. 2013: Water and Sanitation Program (WSP), USA. Economic assessment of sanitation interventions in Lao PDR. Jakarta (Indonesia), World Bank, Water and Sanitation Program.
Ruiz-Villaverde, Alberto. 2013: Reflexiones sobre la gestión de los servicios urbanos del agua: Un recorrido histórico del caso español. Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 1, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v1i1.1031
Shove, Elizabeth. 2003: Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: The social organization of normality. Oxford (United Kingdom), Berg Publishers.
Tarr, Joel A. 1996: The Search for the Ultimate Sink: Urban Pollution in Historical Perspective. Akron (United States), The University of Akron Press.
Teixeira, Simonne; Peixoto-Faria, Teresa de J. 2013: Saber científico y poder instituido como campo de disputas en el proceso de instalación y gestión del agua en Campos dos Goytacazes: El legado de la Compañía The Campos Syndicate Limited. Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 1, 65-75. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v1i1.1036
Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; Lüthi, Christoph; Reymond, Philippe; Zurbrügg, Christian. 2008: Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Dübendorf (Switzerland), WSSCC; Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council.
Trapote-Jaume, Arturo. 2016: Tecnologías de depuración y reutilización: nuevos enfoques. Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 8, 48-60. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v0i8.3295
Tynan, Nicola. 2013: Nineteenth century London water supply: Processes of innovation and improvement. The Review of Austrian Economics, 26(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-012-0182-8
Uddin, Sayed Mohammad Nazim; Muhandiki, Victor S.; Sakai, Akira; Al Mamun, Abdullah; Hridi, Sanjida Marium. 2014: Socio-cultural acceptance of appropriate technology: Identifying and prioritizing barriers for widesread use of the urine diversion toilets in rural Muslim communities of Bangladesh. Technology in Society, 38, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2014.02.002
Uekötter, Frank. 2018: The Power of the Water System: Towards a Global History of the Water Closet. UrbanScope. 9, 21-29.
Villar-García, Alberto del. 2016: Reutilización de aguas regeneradas: aproximación a los costes de producción y valoración de su uso. Agua y Territorio / Water and Landscape, 8, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.17561/at.v0i8.3297
Waltner-Toews, David. 2013: The Origin of Feces: What Excrement Tells Us About Evolution, Ecology, and a Sustainable Society. Toronto (Canada), ECW Press.
Werner, Christine; Panesar, Arne; Rüd, Sören; Olt, C.U. 2009: Ecological sanitation: Principles, technologies and project examples for sustainable wastewater and excreta management. Desalination, 248(1-3), 392-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.05.080
WHO, UNICEF. 2000: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. (United States), WHO Library Catalo¬guing-in-Publication Data.
Wright, Lawrence. 1960: Clean and decent: the fascinating history of the bathroom & the water closet and of sundry habits, fashions & accessories of the toilet principally in Great Britain, France, & America. London (United Kingdom), Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Zeldovich, Linda. 2021: The Other Dark Matter: The Science and Business of Turning Waste into Wealth and Health. Chicago (United States), The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226814223.001.0001
Zhuang, Xianquan; Dexin, Fang; Fangying, Ji. 2021: Beyond Technology: A Program for Promoting Urine-diverting Dry Toilets in Rural Areas to Support Sustainability. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 4, 789-796. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EW00994F
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Universidad de Jaén
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© Universidad de Jaén-Seminario Permanente Agua, territorio y medio ambiente-CSIC.
Os originais publicados nas edições impressa e eletrônica desta Revista são propriedade da Universidade de Jaén e do Seminário Permanente Água, Território e Meio Ambiente (CSIC), assim como das Universidades que publicam monografias específicas na América Latina ou Europa. A origem deve ser citada em qualquer reprodução parcial ou total.
Salvo indicação em contrário, todo o conteúdo da edição eletrônica é distribuído sob uma licença "Creative Commons Attribution Spain" (CC-by). Você pode consultar daqui a versão informativa e o texto legal da licença. Esta circunstância deve ser expressamente declarada desta forma quando necessário.
