¿Cómo contabilizar el impacto ambiental de las empresas? El caso de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero

Autores/as

  • Silvia Ayuso Siart Universidad Pompeu Fabra

Palabras clave:

contabilidad social, valor social, stakeholders, medio ambiente, cambio climático

Resumen

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar cómo valorar el impacto ambiental de las empresas desde una perspectiva de contabilidad social. El estudio teórico contribuye a la literatura sobre contabilidad social y medioambiental y aporta una orientación práctica sobre cómo contabilizar el impacto ambiental de las organizaciones. Tras reflexionar si el medio ambiente puede ser considerado un grupo de interés y cómo se plantea el análisis del valor ambiental creado o destruido, el trabajo se limita al caso de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, principal fuente del cambio climático, y por lo tanto uno de los grandes desafíos ambientales a los que se enfrenta nuestra sociedad. En concreto, se analiza la cuantificación y valoración de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero mediante diferentes modelos disponibles para asignar un valor monetario, desde precios de mercado a costes de mitigación o costes sociales. El trabajo concluye que la valoración monetaria del impacto ambiental puede integrarse en la contabilidad social, siempre y cuando se considere toda la cadena de valor y los costes (o beneficios) para la sociedad. La contabilización del valor ambiental de las empresas puede ayudar a transformar la contabilidad financiera convencional y mejorar la toma de decisiones interna de las empresas de acuerdo con principios de ética y sostenibilidad.

Descargas

Los datos de descarga aún no están disponibles.

Referencias

Ackerman, F. y Stanton, E.A. (2012): "Climate risks and carbon prices: Revising the social cost of carbon", Economics, vol. 6, pp. 0-25. https://doi.org/10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2012-10

Ayuso, S. (2018): La medición del impacto social en el ámbito empresarial, Cátedra MANGO de RSC, Documento de trabajo nº 26, ESCI-UPF.

Banco Mundial (2020): https://datos.bancomundial.org/, consultado 13/03/2020.

Barbu, E. M., Dumontier, P., Feleaga, N. y Feleaga, L. (2014): "Mandatory environmental disclosures by companies complying with IAS/IFRS: The case of France, Germany, and the UK", The International Journal of Accounting, vol. 49 nº 2, pp. 231-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intacc.2014.04.003

Bazin, D. y Ballet, J. (2004): "Corporate social responsibility: the natural environment as a stakeholder?", International Journal of Sustainable Development, vol. 7 nº 1, pp. 59-75. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSD.2004.004981

Bebbington, J., Kirk, E. A. y Larrinaga, C. (2012): "The production of normativity: A comparison of reporting regimes in Spain and the UK", Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 37 nº 2, pp. 78-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2012.01.001

Bebbington, J. y Larrinaga, C. (2014): "Accounting and sustainable development: an exploration", Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 39 nº 6, pp. 395-413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2014.01.003

CDP (2016): Embedding a carbon price into business strategy, September 2016, Carbon Disclosure Project.

Comisión Europea (2020): https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets_es, consultado 17/06/2020.

Danish Environmental Protection Agency (2014): Assessment of potentials and limitations in valuation of externalities, Environmental Project No. 1561, Danish Ministry of the Environment.

Dong, Y., Hauschild, M., Sørup, H., Rousselet, R. y Fantke, P. (2019): "Evaluating the monetary values of greenhouse gases emissions in life cycle impact assessment", Journal of Cleaner Production, nº 209, pp. 538-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.205

Ekins, P., Kesicki, F. y Smith, A.P.Z. (2011): Marginal abatement cost curves: A call for caution, Energy Institute, University College London. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2011.582347

Elkington, J. (1997): Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business, Oxford, Capstone. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310080106

Emerson, J., Bonini, S. y Brehm, K. (2003): The Blended Value Map: Tracking the Intersects and Opportunities of Economic, Social and Environmental Value Creation, William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, Menlo Park.

Faria, P. y Labutong, N. (2020): "A description of four science-based corporate GHG target-setting methods", Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, vol. 11 nº 3, pp. 591-612. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2017-0031

Fernández, C., Fronti, L. y Scavone, G. (2018): Control económico de la gestión ambiental, Asociación Española de Contabilidad y Administración de Empresas (AECA), Madrid.

Freeman, R.E. (1984): Strategic management: A stakeholder approach, Pitman, Boston.

Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Parmar, B.L. y de Colle, S. (2010): Stakeholder theory: The state of the art, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815768

Fullana, P. y Puig, R. (1997): Análisis del ciclo de vida, Rubes Editorial, Barcelona.

Gray, R., Owen, D. L. y Adams, C. A. (1996): Accounting and accountability: Changes and challenges in corporate social and environmental reporting, Prentice Hall, London.

Gray, R. (2002): "The social accounting project and Accounting Organizations and Society. Privileging engagement, imaginings, new accountings and pragmatism over critique?, Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 27 nº 7, pp. 687-708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-3682(00)00003-9

GRI, UN Global Compact y WBCSD (2015): SDG Compass: The guide for business action on the SDGs, GRI/UN Global Compact/WBCSD.

Gröjer, J.E. y Stark, A. (1977): "Social accounting: a Swedish attempt", Accounting, Organizations and Society, vol. 2 nº 4, pp. 349-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(77)90024-1

Haigh, N. y Griffiths, A. (2009): "The natural environment as a primary stakeholder: the case of climate change", Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 18 nº 6, pp. 347-359. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.602

High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices (2017): Report of the High-Level Commission on Carbon Prices, World Bank, Washington, DC.

Hummel, K. (2019): "Reporting on the Sustainable Development Goals - Early evidence from Europe", https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3411017

ICAP (2019): Emissions Trading Worldwide: Status Report 2019, International Carbon Action Partnership, Berlin.

IPCC (2007): Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report.

IPCC (2014): AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Ginebra.

Isacs, L., Finnveden, G., Dahllöf, L., Håkansson, C., Petersson, L., Steen, B., Swanström, L. y Wikström, A. (2016): "Choosing a monetary value of greenhouse gases in assessment tools: A comprehensive review", Journal of Cleaner Production, nº 127, pp. 37-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.163

Kering (2015): Environmental Profit & Loss (EP&L): Methodology and 2013 Group Results, Kering, París.

KPMG (2017): The KPMG Survey of Corporate Responsibility Reporting 2017. KPMG International Cooperative.

Kesicki, F. (2011): Marginal abatement cost curves for policy making - expert-based vs. model-derived curves, Updated in November 2011, Energy Institute, University College London.

Larrinaga, C., Moneva, J., Llena, F., Carrasco, F. y Correa, C. (2002): Regulación contable de la información medioambiental. Normativa española e internacional, Asociación Española de Contabilidad y Administración de Empresas (AECA), Madrid.

Larrinaga, C., Moneva, J.M. y Ortas, E. (2019): "Veinticinco años de contabilidad social y medioambiental en España: pasado, presente y futuro", Revista Española de Financiación y Contabilidad, vol. 48 nº 4, pp. 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/02102412.2019.1632020

Lazkano, L. y Beraza, A. (2019): "Social accounting for sustainability: A study in the social economy", Sustainability, vol. 11 nº 24, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246894

Llena, F., Moneva, J. M. y Hernández, B. (2007): "Environmental disclosures and compulsory accounting standards: The case of Spanish annual reports", Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 16 nº 1, pp. 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.466

Mandell, S. (2011): "Carbon emission values in cost benefit analyses", Transport Policy, vol. 18 nº 6, pp. 888-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.06.005

McKinsey y Co. (2009): Pathways:to a low-carbon economy, Version 2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve.

Michelon, G., Pilonato, S. y Ricceri, F. (2015): "CSR reporting practices and the quality of disclosure: An empirical analysis", Critical Perspectives on Accounting, vol. 33, pp. 59-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2014.10.003

Mitchell, R.K., Agle, B.R. y Wood, D.J. (1997): "Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: defining the principle of who and what really counts", Academy of Management Review, vol. 22 nº 4, pp. 853-886. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9711022105

NCC (2016): Natural Capital Protocol Principles and Framework, Natural Capital Protocol.

Nicholls, J.A. (2020): "Integrating financial, social and environmental accounting", Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, vol. 11 nº 4, pp. 745-769. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-01-2019-0030

Nordhaus, W. (2016): "Revisiting the social cost of carbon". PNAS, vol. 114 nº 7, pp. 1518-1523. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609244114

Orts, E.W. y Strudler, A. (2002): "The ethical and environmental limits of stakeholder theory", Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 12 nº 2, pp. 215-233. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857811

Parker, L.D. (2005): "Social and environmental accountability research: A view from the commentary box", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, vol. 18 nº 6, pp. 842-860. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513570510627739

Phillips, R., Freeman, R.E. y Wicks, A.C. (2003): "What stakeholder theory is not", Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 13 nº 4, pp. 479-502. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313434

Phillips, R.A. y Reichart, J. (2000): "The environment as a stakeholder? A fairness-based approach", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 23 nº 2, pp. 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006041929249

Pistoni, A., Songini, L. y Bavagnoli, F. (2018): "Integrated reporting quality: An empirical analysis", Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, vol. 25 nº 4, pp. 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1474

Porter, M.E. y Kramer, M.R. (2011): "Creating shared value", Harvard Business Review, vol. 89 nº1/2, pp. 62-77.

Pritchard, R. y van der Horst, D. (2018): Monetary Natural Capital Assessment in the Private Sector. A review of current status and research needs, Valuing Nature Natural Capital Synthesis Report VNP.

PUMA (2011): PUMA's Environmental Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31 December 2010.

PwC (2015): Valuing corporate environmental impacts: Greenhouse gases, PwC methodology paper, Version 4.3., PricewaterhouseCoopers.

Retolaza, J.L. y San-Jose, L. (2011): "Social economy and stakeholder theory, an integrative framework for socialization of the capitalism", CIRIEC-España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, nº 73, pp. 193-213.

Retolaza, J.L. y San-Jose, L. (2018): "Contabilidad social para el bien común", Revista de Responsabilidad Social de la Empresa, nº 29, pp. 95-122.

Retolaza, J.L., San-Jose, L. y Ruíz-Roqueñi, M. (2016): Social accounting for sustainability: Monetizing the social value, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13377-5

Richmond, B.J., Mook, L. y Jack, Q. (2003): "Social accounting for nonprofits: Two models", Nonprofit Management and Leadership, vol .13 nº 4, pp. 308-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/nml.2

Sandbag (2020): https://sandbag.be/index.php/carbon-price-viewer/, consultado 13/03/2020.

SBT (2019) https://sciencebasedtargets.org/, consultado 13/03/2020.

Sendeco2 (2020): https://www.sendeco2.com/es/precios-co2, consultado 13/03/2020.

Starik, M. (1995): "Should trees have managerial standing? Toward stakeholder status for non-human nature", Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 14 nº 3, pp. 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881435

Stern, N. (2007): The economics of climate change: The Stern Review, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817434

Stone, C.D. (1974): Should trees have standing? Towards legal rights for natural objects, Kaufmann, Los Altos. https://doi.org/10.2307/1228012

United Nations Global Compact (2015): Executive Guide to Carbon Pricing Leadership: A Caring for Climate Report, United Nations Global Compact.

Van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. y Botzen,W.J.W. (2014): "A lower bound to the social cost of CO2 emissions", Nature Climate Change, vol. 4 nº 4, pp. 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2135

Van Kampen, M. (2018): Growing trend in Environmental Profit & Loss Accounting: how to reap the benefits, Koninklijke Philips N.V.

Vodafone Netherlands (2015): Environmental Profit and Loss. Methodology and Results 2014/15.

Wang, P., Deng, X. Zhou, H. y Yu, Z. (2019): "Estimates of the social cost of carbon: A review based on meta-analysis", Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 209, pp. 1494-1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.058

Williams, A., Philipp, F., Kennedy, S. y Whiteman, G. (2017): "Systems thinking: a review of sustainability management research", Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 148, pp. 866-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.002

World Bank (2019) State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2019, World Bank, Washington, DC.

WRI y WBCSD (2004): The Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, World Resources Institute, Washington, D.C.

WWF (2018): Living Planet Report 2018: Aiming higher, WWF, Gland, Switzerland.

Descargas

Publicado

2020-12-22

Cómo citar

Ayuso Siart, S. (2020). ¿Cómo contabilizar el impacto ambiental de las empresas? El caso de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Revista De Estudios Empresariales. Segunda Época, 2, 94-111. https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/REE/article/view/5358